It would depend on the circumstances under which the information was divulged. The confidentiality requirements within the legal system are different from those that govern mental health workers and facilities.
No, James Madison was not arrested. He served as the fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817, and there is no record of him being arrested during his lifetime.
Lawyers are not exempt from being arrested. If they break the law, they are treated like any other citizen. Unfortunately, there are lawyers that commit crimes of all sorts.
He is a citizen. I do not know why you think he is a criminal, since he has not been arrested and is the legally elected president of the United States. You may not agree with him, but that does not make him a criminal.
He will probably be cheerfuly arrested by the next Canadian cop he meets. He may even be arrested at the border crossing.
Yes, if his status is brought to the attention of the immigration authorities.
Same thing as if an American citizen was arrested for the same offense, with the one difference that his consulate will be notified of the fact, if he so desires.
Let them. If you're a law abiding citizen then the joke is on the person who threatened you with the FBI. If you aren't a law abiding citizen then shame on you and you're getting arrested.
Yes, a member of congress can be arrested while driving to work. If the person is breaking the law, they are subject to the same laws as every other citizen in the US.
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Augustus and his successors called themselves Princeps (First Citizen) to avoid suggestion of kingship or dictatorship which brought the knives out for Julius Caesar.
If the foreign citizen is in the US and violates a treaty of the US, he/she can be brought in a US court. Otherwise, if the citizen is in another country, the court of that country is responsible for that violation.
He could be arrested by the proper authorities if they have the evidence that he has acted unlawfully. If you are a citizen report your suspicions to the authorities. If you are an inmate: are you kidding?