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almost as much as the shuttle's weight on Earth's surface
elovon and rudder sytem
Combination of gravity and the shuttle's inertia creates a curved path parallel to Earth's surface.
Although the Earth's gravity has a lesser effect on an astronaut orbiting the Earth in a spaceship than on a person on the surface of the Earth, this is not the reason why an astronaut experiences weightlessness. The space shuttle, International Space Station and most other manned vehicles don't get that far from the Earth. The Earth's gravitational attraction at those altitudes is only about 11% less than it is at the Earth's surface. If you had a ladder that could reach as high as the shuttle's orbit, your weight would be 11% less at the top. Put another way, a person who weighs 100 pounds on the Earth's surface would weigh about 89 pounds at the top of the ladder.
Venus is the only planet orbiting the sun with a thick, hot armosphere and a rocky surface.
Its surface tension hold it in a logical shape (why is a bubble spherical?)
Mainly, it has to: (1) Move at a sufficiently high speed. Near the Earth's surface, that would be about 7.9 kilometers per second (7900 meters per second). You can multiply the meters per second by 3.6 if you prefer it in kilometers/hour. (2) Be sufficiently far from Earth, to avoid air resistance. A height somewhere between 100 and 200 kilometers is required, for a relatively stable orbit. Comment: I think "in a circular orbit" is what the question is looking for as the answer.
Gravity is proportional to the mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the centre of the body or bodies.As the shuttle orbits at a comparatively low altitude and the mass remains constant the force diminishes only slightly. Being in free-fall does not mean there is no gravity.
48m2
its handy to ignore the shuttle weight in these calcs, unless you need immense accuracy, but its included anyway.G = newtons gravitational constant = 6.672 * 10 ^-11 ( m^3 / kg^-1 / s^-2)m1 = mass earth = 5.974 * 10 ^24 (kg)m2 = mass shuttle = 25 000 (kg)r = orbital radius from earth centre to shuttle = 6 371 + 450 = 6 821 km= 6 821 000 metresacceleration due to gravity= (G *( m1+m2 ))/ r^2= 8.5669 ( m/s)/s
300 m^2
48m2
The Mars rover
almost as much as the shuttle's weight on Earth's surface
Usually orbiting Earth, that is, in an orbit around Earth, but fairly close to Earth - a few 100 km. distance from Earth's surface, at most.Usually orbiting Earth, that is, in an orbit around Earth, but fairly close to Earth - a few 100 km. distance from Earth's surface, at most.Usually orbiting Earth, that is, in an orbit around Earth, but fairly close to Earth - a few 100 km. distance from Earth's surface, at most.Usually orbiting Earth, that is, in an orbit around Earth, but fairly close to Earth - a few 100 km. distance from Earth's surface, at most.
Orbiting satellites.
They use robots. Yes. They also get data from orbiting spacecraft.