No. The speed of the moon's orbit does not depend on Earth's spin; it depends on Earth's mass. However, a faster spin on Earth's part would make the moon appear to move across the sky faster, as it would for the sun and stars.
That rotation would be called one day.
the sun spins around the earth. I don't think Copernicus would agree. The answer is, of course, that the Earth spins and so the Sun seems to rise in the sky after the dark of night.
It's to do with the length of time a planet takes to spin, a planet that spins on its axis faster than the earth will have a shorter apparent day.
It would be the same: 365.25 days. A day, or 24 hours, is the measure of how long it takes the Earth to completely spin on its axis once. A year, which is 365 days, is the measure of how long it takes for the Earth to revolve around the sun one time. A 23-hour day would simply mean that the Earth spins faster on its axis than it currently does now. There is no indication that it would necessitate the Earth to revolve faster or slower around the sun.
If the Earth goes closer to the Sun the Earth will heat up more causing global warming to get worse. If the tilt increases the hemispheres will get more extreme weather. If the Earth spins faster, the day and night cycles will be shorter (no one has theorized what this would do to the climate as it won't happen).
If you want to spin an apple, it would be a lot easier if you stick a pencil through it from top to bottom, and then spin the pencil. Notice that as the apple spins, the pencil always points in the same direction and it doesn't move; it just sits there and spins around the lead in the middle, while every part of the apple spins around the pencil. Even though there's no pencil stuck through it, the earth spins exactly the same way. If you try hard though, you can imagine a pencil stuck through the Earth's north and south poles. It's 8,000 miles long, it points at the North Star, and every part of the earth spins around it. The imaginary line through the earth, between the poles, right where you just imagined that gigantic pencil, is called the earth's "axis". The word simply means: "The line that everything else spins around".
No.
15 hours
If Earth moved around the Sun faster, then it would have to be closer to the Sun. This would cause greater, more extreme tides. High tide would be higher and low tide would be lower. ADDED That rather assumes the Earth being not so close that it has lost its water, of course! Mind you, if it was that close we would not exist to worry about it.
When you travel faster than the Earth spins, you effectively move against the rotation of the planet. For example, if you were to fly eastward at a speed greater than the Earth’s rotational speed at that latitude (about 1,000 miles per hour at the equator), you could arrive at your destination before the Earth has rotated to that point. This phenomenon can affect time zones and daylight, as you would experience a different relationship with the time of day compared to ground observers. However, practically achieving and sustaining such speeds is currently beyond our technological capabilities for passenger travel.
If the moon moved around the earth faster, while the earth maintained the same rotational speed, the period between spring and neap tides would be less.
If the moon moved around the earth faster, while the earth maintained the same rotational speed, the period between spring and neap tides would be less.