Yes. See; http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/brazil04.asp
Short answer, yes
100 Million
LEGALLY speaking, they can extradite you. As a PRACTICAL matter, will they... for a misdemeanor... fairly unlikely.
yes
All US states and territories honor each other's requests for extradition. Most states will usually extradite for felony offenses. If they wish, Kansas can extradite you from anywhere in the US, there is no such thing as a "sanctuary" state.
Will not research every country on the face of the earth for this answer but suffice it to say - you would probably NOT want to live in any country that does not have an extradition treaty with the US.
yes there was a treaty signed in 2000.
No
The Portuguese. They "discovered" and "colonized" us.
brazil brazil
Yes. Israel has an extradition treaty with the US and has had it since 1963. As for whether Israel will extradite any particular Israeli citizen depends on the arguments made by the US government (as is typical of other extradition treaties).
No, fortunately for Brazil, they live in Asia.