ecause of air trapping and ineffective alveolar ventilation
PaCO2
PaCO2.
It is part of the anatomic dead space calculation. PaCO2 (arterial carbon dioxide) minus PeCO2 (end tidal CO2) The formula for calculating anatomic dead space (the space where there is ventilation without perfusion in the respiratory system, between mouth and terminal bronchi) PaCO2-PeCO2/PaCO2. Accurate values for calculation need to be obtained from an ABG (arterial blood gas)
Yes there is an increase in hematocrit and this is due to anoxia
NO
increase as the minute ventilation is the amount of carbon dioxide
35-45 mm Hg --- The normal PaCO2 (arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood) is 40mmHg. There is a normal range, which is 35-45mmHg. For those with COPD 60 or below is good.
Pulmonary ventilation is the volume air that is breathed in or out in a single minute. It is the sum of the tidal volume (volume of air per breath) and the ventilation rate (the number of breaths per minute). For an individual's pulmonary ventilation to increase, there must be an increase in at least one of these two values. The individual can begin breathing deeper at the same rate (increasing tidal volume) or the individual can begin breathing faster at the same volume (increase ventilation rate) or both.
The anterioposterior diameter may increase in COPD.
Yes
Improves Lung funtion
decreased PAco2