Wrong, he arrived in Esgaroth with the barrels containing the dwarves on his birthday.
Treasure from Lonely Mountain (gold and silver for Bilbo).
By 'the hobbit', I'm supposing you mean Bilbo Baggins in The Hobbit? If so, he faced Smaug the Great Dragon, King of the Lonely Mountain.
The rising action of The Hobbit is when Bilbo and his band of dwarves come to the Lonely Mountain and go inside.
In The Hobbit, Bilbo Baggins joins an adventure along with Gandalf and the dwarf party and takes a ring from Gollum. He then begins a journey with a group of travelers to the Lonely Mountain.
Assuming you mean the tunnel under the Lonely Mountain that leads to Smaug, then Balin.
Yes. Bilbo and the dwarves use the secret entrance while Smaug uses the main entrance
Home is typically the final destination and that is where Bilbo ends up. The goal of the adventure was to get to the Lonely Mountain and reclaim the dwarven treasure from Smaug.
The dwarves were cheerful because they had finally taken their kingdom of the Lonely Mountain after the great dragon Smaug was defeated by the Lake men. Bilbo was unhappy because when he was back at the shire, he always wished to go back and see the dwarves of the Lonely Mountain and wander the paths of Mirkwood.
The Mountain
They are traveling to the lonely mountain.
Bilbo Baggins is a hobbit from The Shire.
The dwarves are Bilbo's friends for most of the Hobbit.