Usually /home
Sometimes /var
If a lot of distro hopping happens, /boot
That is the "swap partition." It is a dedicated space on the hard disk that fulfills the "swap" feature of virtual memory in Linux.
Not all Linux partitions are ext3. It just happens to be the most popular file system. ext3 was created especially for Linux, so it is free from any patent issues involved with some other file systems.
If you are talking about accessing the partition from Linux, the kernel file system driver does not allow writing to NTFS partitions. You can write to the partition in Linux if you install the NTFS-3G file system. This is the only form of "write-protection" that should be on your system.
Traditionally in /usr/src/linux.
It should have the same limitations as any other operating system if you solely work with physical volumes - 4 primary partitions on MBR, unlimited on GPT (though Windows will limit it to 128). Otherwise, if you use something like LVM, it would be unlimited logical partitions, across a single disk or multiple disks.
man fdisk
You can use a program called GParted to add, edit, and delete partitions.
The fsck command can be used to repair improperly shut down or potentially corrupt partitions on Linux systems. It checks the file system integrity and attempts to repair any inconsistencies it finds.
The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) defines the main directories and their contents in Linux operating systems
Depending on the environment Linux is running in, it doesn't need any partitions. A diskless workstation that boots over a network, a LiveCD, or a floppy disk do not require any partitions.In a typical server or workstation environment, however, one will usually have at least two partitions. One will be the "/" partition in which all files and directories are placed. The other is a swap partition that is used to page data in and out of memory.
Because they aren't organized the same way, there is no direct equivalent directory to System32 in Linux. The kernel image in Linux is typically stored in /boot, the system binaries are stored in /bin, and libraries are stored /lib and /usr/lib.
The only "default setting" when adding a user in Linux is that they are created as part of their own group, unless specified otherwise while being created. Until the user changes their settings, system-wide settings for applications are used; these are typically stored in the configuration directories somewhere in /etc.