As of 2010, there are about 14 million Jews in the world. 40% Live in Israel, and 40% live in North America. But Jews can be found in almost every country on the planet.
Judaism is practiced all over the world. But the largest concentrations of Jews are in Israel and the United States (mostly in the New York metropolitan area).
Jewish communities can be found all over the world. Many Jews consider Israel to be the Jewish "homeland." As of now, the United States of America has the largest Jewish population.
mesopotamia
Tundra
In the area now known as Israel/Palestine.
Egypt is predominately desert, but the inhabited area of the country is along the riverside and therefore consists of very fertile land.
No. Judaism developed primarily in what is today Israel/Palestine, Iraq, and the general Mediterranean area. While there are certainly Persian ideas in Judaism and the Second Great Temple was built when the Jews were under the Persian Empire, Judaism did not develop in Persia.
No. Platypuses are endemic to eastern Australia. This means they are unique to that area, and are not found anywhere else in the world.
Some area of Judaism. The rabbi could be the head of a synagogue, or a kosher-supervisor, or the dean of a Rabbinical college, or the person responsible for one or more of the many (other) facets of Judaism. Some rabbis are simply members of a synagogue and are otherwise "private citizens" within Judaism.
By God; God created it in the same area that is now Israel.
The place now known as Israel, and some of the area around it.
Palestine which is known today as the State of Israel.