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By fossilisation and permineralisation.
Fossilisation is caused by layers upon layers of sediment burying the bones. As the layers of sediment above the buried bones increases, so does the pressure on the layers of sediment lower down. The pressure becomes so great that the bones and the sedimentary rock fuse.
Permineralisation occurs when mineral rich water trickles in through the sedimentary rock reaching the dinosaur bones. The minerals fill in the cracks and spaces within the bone. Sometimes the calcium in the bones may be replaced with these minerals. The new minerals in the bone make them even harder and more likely to be preserved.
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