Flaws in diamonds are called inclusions. They can be of several types, which you can read about, below.
A diamond with one very slight inclusion visible with a 10x magnifier would be described as a VS1 stone.
The treatment you are referring to is called laser drilling. This process involves using a laser to create a tiny channel into a diamond to reach an inclusion, which can then be treated by injecting a bleaching agent to improve the diamond's clarity.
A break inside a diamond is called an inclusion. These are natural features (like fractures or minerals) that formed in the diamond while it was developing in the earth. Inclusions can affect a diamond's appearance and value.
diamond is formed from carbon. Some diamonds include other trace minerals, but they are not necessary in the formation of diamond.
The interior of a diamond is the same as the exterior: a matrix of carbon atoms. If a gem-quality diamond, these atoms lack some level of inclusion of any other mineral. If industrial diamond, the level of inclusions of other minerals render the diamond opaque or cloudy.
A diamond that contains an inclusion -- or several -- visible to the naked eye, could appear to contain black dots. Such a diamond would be on the low end of diamond quality in terms of clarity.
'Good' is a judgement and you are the judge. The colour ranking of a white diamond of F-G is a step or two below 'colourless'. This means that the inclusion of nitrogen, which gives diamond a yellow cast, is minimal. A step or two above this rating means that the inclusion of nitrogen is non-existent. To the non-gemologist, to the naked eye, this colour ranking is imperceptible.
Yes, and the natural occurrence of this colour is attributable to the inclusion of boron within the crystal structure of the diamond.
Brown is the most common colour of gem-quality diamond found. The colour is caused by the inclusion of nickel in its composition, or from irradiation. Plastic deformation is another potential cause for this colour.
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Engineering applications that require precision, or extreme cutting ability would involve the inclusion of industrial diamonds.
Yes, as its rating of SI 2 implies, using a 10X loupe, you can see two Slight Inclusions.