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The use of alcohol is associated with an increased incidence of acid reflux disease
When comparing tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, and anthrax, which of the following is true? A. Vaccination has reduced the incidence of tuberculosis and anthrax. B. There's a diagnostic skin test for pertussis and diphtheria. C. Tuberculosis and anthrax can affect many different parts of the body. D. Tuberculosis and anthrax are viral infections.
the most common strain that causes tuberculosis in humans is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. there are also other strains, but in terms of incidence, they do not cause much damage in humans. examples of this is Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium africanum. these strains are more common in animals.
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Tuberculosis likely originated in Africa over 70,000 years ago and spread globally through human migration. With increased urbanization and overcrowding in the 18th and 19th centuries, it became more prevalent in Europe and North America. Today, TB is found worldwide, with higher incidence in developing countries due to factors like poverty and lack of healthcare access.
The incidence of testicular cancer has been rising in the developed countries at a rate of about 2% per year since 1970.
Geography can affect tuberculosis by influencing access to healthcare services, living conditions, and environmental factors such as air quality and sanitation. Populations living in crowded urban areas or in regions with limited healthcare infrastructure are more likely to be at a higher risk of tuberculosis transmission and incidence. Geographical factors can also impact the availability of resources for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of tuberculosis.
An increased incidence of lymphomas has been seen in survivors of the atomic bomb explosion in Hiroshima, and in people who have undergone aggressive radiation therapy.
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Relative risk (RR) can be calculated by comparing the incidence rates of an event occurring in two groups. First, determine the incidence rate in the exposed group (e.g., those with a risk factor) and the incidence rate in the unexposed group (e.g., those without the risk factor). Then, divide the incidence rate of the exposed group by the incidence rate of the unexposed group (RR = Incidence Rate in Exposed / Incidence Rate in Unexposed). A RR greater than 1 indicates increased risk, while a RR less than 1 indicates decreased risk.
Radioactive substances in the environment