Made by S&W.
100-500 or so
50-550 usd
Not enough information to answer- sorry.
Winchester, Marlin, Rossi (and maybe a few others) make lever action rifles in .357 Mag... I personally wouldn't pick that cartridge for anything other than a pistol, or if I were shooting in a cowboy match (where the .357 isn't allowed for the most part, anyway...) But if you need a long gun in .357 Mag, there are plenty out there. Good luck.
Yes, but, not recommended.
The ,357 Magnum is a longer catridge, and is loaded to higher energies- meaning that the bullet is pushed harder, and goes faster. And yes, the typical .357 Magnum handgun is built stronger than the typical .38 Special, to handle the increased forces.
Gun shop, gun show, old catalogs
38 Special and .357 Magnum.
There are many handgun rounds that exceed the 44 mag. 454, 460, 500 to name a few.
44
Korth
No. They both use a different diameter bullet and the case is different. The .357 Sig case is a bottle-necked version of the .40 S&W case. The .357 mag is a longer version of the .38 Special.