no
Closer than Earth? Next orbiting body closer to the sun is Venus. Last in and closest orbit is Mercury.
No. Halley's Comet follows its orbit every 76 years or so, and the Earth follows ITS orbit every year. Sometimes Halley's track brings it around the Sun while Earth is nearby in its orbit, and sometimes Halley's track brings it to the Sun while the Earth is farther away. In fact, the last few passes have been uninspiring, because the Earth was nowhere close.
it is closer to the sun than earththe entire crust of venus "turned over" at once in a global volcanic eruption sometime in the last 100 million years (very recently geologically) it has no old crust as earth does
Currently Neptune is closer to the sun, however Pluto can get closer when it's at the closest part of its orbit. Pluto was closer then Neptune about 10 years ago, but it currently heading out to the farther part of its orbit, and con't be closer than Neptune again for over 200 years.
Darkness varies depending on region (location on Earth) and Earth's position in orbit, when days grow longer when it's closer to the Sun as in the Summer.
Uranus is the planet that last 84 Earth years to complete one orbit around the Sun.
The moon's average distance to Earth is about 384400km. Its closest approach to earth brings it to 356000km. So it never really is 50000km "closer to the Earth than usual" as long as you are referring to its average distance by that.
About 165 Earth years.
half a billion years left. But that does not mean that PEOPLE will last that long. ;-)
The planet itself will at least last for another 2-3 billion years, if your thinking about life on earth then I'd say about at least 10,000 years.
The Holocene epoch.
1,500 years