The power supply's regulator circuits have failed. It will be best to replace the entire power supply unit. However if it is not regulating properly it has probably severely damaged other parts in the computer. You may need to replace most of the computer!
If the power supply has a 5 volt tap on the secondary side of the transformer, yes. If there is no tap and the secondary side of the power supply is only 10 volts then no, you can not substitute the higher voltage unit.
The hardware unit that contains the CPU, the RAM, a hard disk, and a power supply is called the "motherboard."
it can simply be called a "power supply" or a PSU (power supply unit)
To keep the power supply cool. If there were no fan the power supply would overheat and fail.
A computer's (PC's) power supply is a sealed unit and should be replaced as a whole - It is dangerous to try and repair the inside of that sealed unit (that is why it is sealed).
The PSU, Power Supply Unit
A PSU in a system unit is the power supply unit. It provides well-regulated power for the computer and its peripherals.
The answer is the power supply unit or PSU.
Yes
System unit
The statement "the power supply must be toasted" is a rather idiomatic way of saying, the power supply must have been destroyed by excess current.