Fingernails will be partially broken down by the acids in your stomach. What's left will then move through your intestinal tract and become part of your stool.
On very extremely rare occasion, a sharp fingernail could become stuck in the appendix and could cause inflammation or appendicitis.
Fingernails are mostly made up of the protein α-keratin, the same stuff that hair, wool and rhinoceros horns are made of. I imagine that after some vigorous digestion, your body could break nails down into amino acids, but the amount of protein you could actually metabolize and use from eating your nails is very very small.
But, there are some very good reasons for NOT eating your nails or putting your fingers in your mouth. Nail biting can wear down tooth enamel and cause damage to teeth. Also, the area under the fingernails is one of the dirtiest places on your body.
just if you are a pig
Yes.
If your fingernails are short and your hands are clean, no!
Swallowing a bug is likely not harmful. Swallowing a bug can be harmful if the person is allergic to the bug.
Not in small amounts, on occasion
Nope
If the female is healthy, no.
Yes
The benefits are a small amount of protein and glucose. Other than that there are no harmful effects of swallowing semen.
it is recommended as one of your five a day ;)
Swallowing boogers may be unseemly but should not be harmful so nothing happens when they are swallowed.
No, there's nothing wrong with that. Saliva isn't a throw-out like urine.
Not a lot... sharp edges may irritate the pharynx, trachea or osophagus (in laymans terms, throat, windpipe and the bit that connects the throat to the stomach).