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The main ones are the oboe, clarinet, and bassoon.
violins, cello, base, flute, tympan, french horn, oboe, triangle
Typically two oboists play in the orchestra; with the 2nd oboist doubling on English horn when needed. Some larger professional Symphony Orchestras (like the Chicago Symphony Orchestra). Have a dedicated English hornist, that can double second oboe, or play the rare third oboe part in a pinch.
Orchestras are usually tuned to an oboe. The open note, (that is, the note an oboe plays without any fingering), is an A, and the orchestra tunes best to that note. When a piano is featured as solo instrument, the orchestra tunes to the A of the piano, because it's easier for them to adjust their pitch than for the piano.
Yes, oboe is responsible for tuning the orchestra.
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A standard symphony orchestra can tune to three different members: the principal oboe, the concertmaster, or the solo pianist. The oboist is used to tune whenever there is an oboe in the orchestra, the concertmaster is used whenever there isn't an oboe, and the pianist/keyboardist will play the tuning note if he or she is the soloist for the evening.
The first symphony orchestra was in Germany.
String Quintet (plus piano). I think you meant "like a symphony orchestra". A symphony is a piece of music, not a musical combo.
It depends on the band. I'm assuming the "Concert Band" which is usually the same as the symphony orchestra - two from the oboe family (the oboe and English horn) and two from the bassoon family (the bassoon and the contrabassoon).
Carmel Symphony Orchestra was created in 1976.
Dallas Symphony Orchestra was created in 1900.