Consider a sphere (a round ball) of radius r. The surface area is 4 PIr2, whereas the volume is (4/3)PIr3. So the surface-area-to-volume ratio of a sphere is (4 PIr2) / [(4/3)PIr3], which can be reduced to 3/r. As in the cube, the surface-area-to-volume ratio of 3/r holds true for all spheres. In the previous description, the symbol 'PI' is meant to represent Pi, or 3.1415 ... T
Irregular Objects
For irregular objects, such as a rectangular prism (a box) with different lengths in each dimension, the surface-area-to-volume ratio must be calculated for each shape. Consider a box with dimensions of l (length), w (width), and h (height). Like the cube, the box has six faces, but it is easier to consider it as three face pairs (front/back, left/right, and top/bottom). The surface area of both faces in a pair are the same (the front face has the same surface area as the back face). So the surface area of the box is:
A = 2(l x w) + 2(w x h) + 2(l x h), or 2( (l x w) + (w x h) + (l x h) ).
The volume is:
V = l x w x h
So the surface area to volume ratio (A/V) of a box is:
2( (l x w) + (w x h) + (w x h) ) / (l x w x h).
The surface-area-to-volume ratio of a cylinder (like a soup can) is:
( (2 PI r2) + (2 PI r h) ) / (PI r2h)
Where r is the radius of the circle on the top and bottom of the cylinder, h is the height of the cylinder, and. PI is Pi, or 3.1415 ...
Unlike regular objects, such as the cube or sphere, no further simplification of the box's or cylinder's surface-area-to-volume ratio equation exists. The above appropriate equations must be applied to each box or cylinder separately.
All the rays of light will be reflected to the source
A concave mirror, or converging mirror, has a reflecting surface that bulges inward (away from the incident light). A convex mirror, fish eye mirror or diverging mirror, is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges toward the light source.
Solar radiation that is not reflected is absorbed by clouds, the atmosphere and the surface of the earth.Incoming solar radiation: 100%Reflected by the atmosphere: 6% : Absorbed by the atmosphere: 16%Continuing incoming solar radiation: 78%Reflected by clouds: 20% : Absorbed by clouds: 3%Continuing incoming solar radiation: 55%Reflected by the earth's surface: 4% : Absorbed by the earth's surface (lands and oceans): 51%Source: (NASA)
When light hits an object/surface, it's either reflected, absorbed, or refracted. For light to bounce back, the reflection has to be "specular", like a mirror. So the light bounces back with the same(reflected) image. For light to be reflected back at the source. The light has to hit perpendicular to the surface, which is 90°.
When sunlight hits the wall it is reflected back in all directions. Some of it hits your eye and some of it hits the mirror. The light that hits the mirror re-reflected back to its source and strikes the wall again. That light is then re-re-reflected of the surface and some of it reaches your eye. Basically, the light that would have normally gone elsewhere is given a second chance to reach your eye.
All the rays of light will be reflected to the source
The surface is warmer than the air above it, causing upward refraction.
A concave mirror, or converging mirror, has a reflecting surface that bulges inward (away from the incident light). A convex mirror, fish eye mirror or diverging mirror, is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges toward the light source.
Solar radiation that is not reflected is absorbed by clouds, the atmosphere and the surface of the earth.Incoming solar radiation: 100%Reflected by the atmosphere: 6% : Absorbed by the atmosphere: 16%Continuing incoming solar radiation: 78%Reflected by clouds: 20% : Absorbed by clouds: 3%Continuing incoming solar radiation: 55%Reflected by the earth's surface: 4% : Absorbed by the earth's surface (lands and oceans): 51%Source: (NASA)
Concave mirrors are used because they will reflect a light source inside the curve in one general direction. To be more specific, the mirrors are close to parabolic. Parabolas have the property that light beams generated at the focal point of the parabola are all reflected parallel out of the mirror.
When light hits an object/surface, it's either reflected, absorbed, or refracted. For light to bounce back, the reflection has to be "specular", like a mirror. So the light bounces back with the same(reflected) image. For light to be reflected back at the source. The light has to hit perpendicular to the surface, which is 90°.
If you were to measure reflected radiation then you would be measuring the temperature of the source of light (the sun)! So you need to look at the emmited radiation (measured during the night) to guage the temperature of the ocean's surface.
About 6% of incoming solar radiation is reflected back into space from the atmosphere and 4% by the surface of the earth.Incoming solar radiation: 100%Reflected by the atmosphere: 6% : Absorbed by the atmosphere: 16%Continuing incoming solar radiation: 78%Reflected by clouds: 20% : Absorbed by clouds: 3%Continuing incoming solar radiation: 55%Reflected by the earth's surface: 4% : Absorbed by the earth's surface (lands and oceans): 51%
Venus is visible in the night-sky for the same reason we see the moon - Sunlight is reflected off the surface.
When sunlight hits the wall it is reflected back in all directions. Some of it hits your eye and some of it hits the mirror. The light that hits the mirror re-reflected back to its source and strikes the wall again. That light is then re-re-reflected of the surface and some of it reaches your eye. Basically, the light that would have normally gone elsewhere is given a second chance to reach your eye.
Source light is light coming directly from a light source/emitter (i.e. a light bulb, the sun, stars, etc.). Reflected light is light coming indirectly from the light source/emitter. That could be reflected, refracted light, etc.
The source of all energy in our atmosphere is the sun.Some energy is reflected back into space, some is absorbed by the atmosphere, some is absorbed by land and water on Earth's surface (all of the above) When Earth receives energy from the Sun.