Normally lower case but if the planet is the subject of the sentence it can be called 'Planet Earth' espcially in a non-astronomical context.
When earth is used in the sense of soil it should not be spelled with a capital letter. When it refers to the planet, as in the earth it may optionally be spelled with a capital letter. Obviously the expression Planet Earth needs capitals.
Earth is capitalized when used as a planet such as Earth is the third planet in our solar system. If you are referring just to earth, as in soil, It is not capitalized. The sun warms the earth.
planet earth
Yes, the word Earth when used for the planet, is a proper noun because it is the name of a specific planet. When the noun 'earth' is used to mean soil, it is a common noun.
There are three sigma symbols, an upper case, a lower case and an end of the sentence case. The capital letter case is used as summation. The lower case is used to represent variance in statistics. The lower case is also used to represent stress in mechanics and physics. The end of sentence case is generally not used. Reference link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma.
Neptune. It used to be Pluto until they announced that it was no longer a planet
Kilometers, kilograms or Earth masses and Earth radii.
The phrase "the Earth" is used to describe the planet we live on. Although technically our planet is just called Earth, it is generally called "the Earth". "The Earth" could also be used to describe the landscape of a place, for example, Rocks, soil, grassland etc.
"Earth" was originaly synonymous with soil. It was later used as a separate term for the planet.
Earth
The Earth is the third (3rd) planet from the sun. Pluto used to be the 9th planet from the sun, but since Pluto is now called a dwarf planet, there is no planet that is 9th from the sun.
The capitalized form Earth is a proper noun, the name of our planet. The lowercase form earth means dirt or soil, another noun, which can also be used as a noun adjunct.