No
Light is an electromagnetic wave, composed of fluctuating electric and magnetic fields, and these fields do not need the presence of any physical medium to support propagation. Before this was realised, people proposed that there must be some medium, given the name "the ether" to support the light. It was attempts to discover the speed of the earth through this "ether" which led ultimately to the theory of relativity and modern physics.
The Sun is NEVER between the Earth and the Moon. When the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun, this is called a Solar Eclipse. When the Earth is between the Moon and the Sun, this is called a Lunar Eclipse.
The gravitational force between the Earth and sun certainly depends on the distance between the Earth and sun. But the gravitational force between, for example, the Earth and me does not.
James Maxwell answer to this question is the ether that transported the light energy of the sun to the earth. Physicists disputed the existence of the ether. Maxwell was right. The ether is manifested by the "free space impedance" z=Wb/C = 375 Ohms, the ratio ofa magnetic charge (Wb Webers, volt second) and an electric (C) . The ether charge is related to Planck's Constant h=CWb= 2/3E-33. The light from the sun carries energy E=hf = zC^2f. The free space impedance transmits the energy from the sun to the earth in the ether. The Ether Constants are Wb=500 atto (E-18) Webers (volt seconds) and C=4/3 Atto Coulombs. Plancks Constant is h=CWb and z=Wb/C= 375 Ohms.
Venus and Mars
The orbits of Mercury and Venus are between the sun and the orbit of Earth. That is different from saying that Mercury and Venus are between the sun and Earth, which is often not true.
Yes, Earth would still have gravity without the sun. Gravity is a fundamental force that exists between all objects with mass, so Earth's gravity is due to its own mass, not just the presence of the sun. The sun's gravity does impact Earth's orbit and tides, but Earth would still have its own gravitational field even without the sun.
Mercury and Venus orbit between the Sun and Earth.
The Sun has never passed between the Earth and the Moon, if it did, the Earth would be disintigrated.
The distance from Earth to the sun is much greater than from Earth to the moon. It is not possible that the sun would be between Earth and the moon.
it is due to presence of debris disk around sun
When the Earth is between the Moon and the Sun you get a full moon, not a new Moon which occurs when the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun. You could also get a Lunar eclipse.