Filament
Tencel is a staple fibre. That is it is cut into staple lengths during production so that it can be processed into yarns and nonwoven fabrics on conventional textile processing machinery. The cut lengths are similar in length to cotton or to wool. Continuous filament Tencel yarns are not produced but in theory could be. In a filament yarn all of the fibres in the yarn have the same length as the piece of yarn.
Staple fibre
Linen is a staple fiber, derived from the flax plant. It is a natural fiber used to create various textile products like clothing, bedding, and home furnishings. The long fibers in linen contribute to its durability and strength.
The main difference between polyester staple fiber yarn and polyester filament yarn is that polyester staple fiber yarn is made up of chemicals. Polyester filament yarn contains both man-made and natural fibers.
Yarns that are spun from short fibres, like cotton. The staple is the length of the fibre, so you might say 'Egyptian cotton is better quality than Indian cotton because it has a longer staple.' Many artificial yarns are extruded, that is made like squeezing toothpaste from a tube, so they don't need to be spun to make a long thread.
I'm not an expert, however broadly speaking there are two kinds of fibers used in making textiles. Relatively short fibers - such as wool fibers are categorized as "staple fibers." Fibers that are continuously extruded (and are therefore available in any length) are filament fibers. Silk, which has long fibers, but not quite any length falls into its own category.
A staple fibre is a short fibre A filament fibre is a long fibre it has nothing to do with being man made or natural
Wool dyes so well because it has fibers that absorb color. The filament is very fine in wool. It can be dyed almost any color.
Staple
Strong and warm, acrylic fiber is often used for sweaters and tracksuits and as linings for boots and gloves, as well as in furnishing fabrics and carpets. It is manufactured as a filament, then cut into short staple lengths similar to wool hairs, and spun into yarn.
Wool is graded according to the diameter of the fibre, its crimp, yield, staple strength and colour. You can read more, below.