"You passed" can be a statement (you did not fail).
When used as an adjective clause, it omits the relative pronoun (that or who):
The bus (that) you passed is full of tourists.
The runner (whom) you passed in the race is the former state champion.
You should qualify for advanced placement based on the test (that) you passed.
adverb clause
An 'adverb clause' is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It tells when, where, how, to what extent or under what conditions.
When he was young ... - as in When he was young he did some very foolish things - is an adverb clause of time.
Adverb Clause
very is an adverb (technically an adverb clause = adverb+adjective) in this sentence, excited is an adjective that's being modified by the word very.
An adjective clause is the group of words that contain the subject and the verb acting as an adjective. An adverb clause answers questions like how, when and where.
adjective
adverb clause
adjective
It is an adverb clause. It will say "when" an activity may take place.
An 'adverb clause' is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It tells when, where, how, to what extent or under what conditions.
adverb
adverb
It modifies a verb, adjective, or an adverb.
adjective
adjective
It is an adjective clause as in "(someone) who can cook."