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How does cellular immunity protect the body?
Cytoxic T-Cells differentiate and produce identical clones. They travel to the infection site and release enzymes directly into the pathogens, causing them to lyse and die.
What is the role of the Cytotoxic T-cells?
Cytotoxic T cells destroy cancer cells. The cytoxic T cell comes into contrack with a cancer cell. The T cell recognizes that the cancer cell is "nonself" and causes the destruction of the cancer. Also, they can reject transplants like kidneys, resulting in the attack and destruction of the transplanted organ.
What are the drugs that cause birth defects?
See Isotretinoin (ACCUTANE®), acitretin (SORIATANE®), finasteride (PROPECIA®), fluorouracil (FLUOROPLEX® or EFUDEX®), griseofulvin (GRIFULVIN®, FULVICIN®, GRIS-PEG®, GRISACTIN®), goserelin (ZOLADEX®), podophyllin/podophyllum (PODOCOM®), stanozolol (WINSTROL®), tazarotene (TAZORAC®), methotrexate and thalidomide (THALIDOMID®).
What types of t cells are formed during activation?
T cells can be divided into CD4 cells (T helper cells) and CD8 cells (cytoxic T cells).There are then many different types of T helper cells, the main ones being TH1 and TH2 cells. TH1 cells are involved in antigen presentation and cellular immunity (eg. phagocytic cells). TH2 cells are involved in humoral immunity (production of antibodies) and allergy reactions.The cytokines (signalling molecules) released by the dendritic cell during T cell activation are responsible for the differentiation of T cells into different types. Further cytokines then cause the differentiation into TH1, TH2, etc.(There are also regulatory T cells which suppress the functions of other T cells to prevent the immune system attacking self molecules)
What are the elements of the immune system?
The main components of the immune system are the spleen, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, mucosal associated lymph tissue, and generative lymphatic organs, such as bone marrow and the thymus gland.
Is there any medicine to cure cancer?
3 Meds is one of the best medical portal in India to buy cancer medicines online at lowest price. Being diagnosed with Cancer is a life changing event, when you are exposed to a life or death situation and you realize that you can’t run from the truth. 3MEDS – (Anti cancer medicine supplier in India ) understands that this is an expensive disease. But 3MEDS also believe that cancer patient should not only survive rather they should live a healthy and happily through their treatment. Hence, They provide cancer medicines at lowest price all over the India.Here are some cancer related medicines which you can get at 25% discounted price at 3MEDS. Let’s have a quick look at cancer medicine list:1. XGEVA 120MG INJ2. ZOLADEX LA 10.8MG INJ3. KRYXANA TAB (21)4. HERTRAZ 440MG INJ5. MABTAS 500MG INJ6. ELEFTHA 440MG INJ7. VIVITRA 440MG INJ8. ABIRAPRO 250MG TAB(120)9. ZELGOR TAB[ABIRATERONE] (120)10. RITUXIREL 500MG ING11. AZEL 40MG CAP [ENZALUTAMIDE]12. STRANTAS 250MG ING13. GLOBUCEL 5GM IV14. FULVIGLEN 250MG INJ15. VINELBINE 50MG INJ… (more)
What type of medicines used for treatment of cancer and aids?
3 Meds is one of the best medical portal in India to buy cancer medicines online at lowest price. Being diagnosed with Cancer is a life changing event, when you are exposed to a life or death situation and you realize that you can’t run from the truth. 3MEDS – (Anti cancer medicine supplier in India ) understands that this is an expensive disease. But 3MEDS also believe that cancer patient should not only survive rather they should live a healthy and happily through their treatment. Hence, They provide cancer medicines at lowest price all over the India.Contact no. – 9319299067Here are some cancer related medicines which you can get at 25% discounted price at 3MEDS. Let’s have a quick look at cancer medicine list:1. XGEVA 120MG INJ2. ZOLADEX LA 10.8MG INJ3. KRYXANA TAB (21)4. HERTRAZ 440MG INJ5. MABTAS 500MG INJ6. ELEFTHA 440MG INJ7. VIVITRA 440MG INJ8. ABIRAPRO 250MG TAB(120)9. ZELGOR TAB[ABIRATERONE] (120)10. RITUXIREL 500MG ING11. AZEL 40MG CAP [ENZALUTAMIDE]12. STRANTAS 250MG ING13. GLOBUCEL 5GM IV14. FULVIGLEN 250MG INJ15. VINELBINE 50MG INJ… (more)
How does auto immunity diseases occurs?
Autoimmune diseases occur when the body's own lymphocytes attack friendly cells. The lymphocytes most likely mistake normal cells for pathogens and mount an immune response against them with cytoxic T-cells Examples: MS (Multiple Sclerosis) - The immune system attacks oligodendrocytes causing degeneration of the myelin that wraps axons, leading to deteriorating motor skills
Drugs that may cause impotence?
Alternative NamesImpotence caused by medications; Drug-induced erectile dysfunctionInformationVarious medications and recreational drugs can have an affect on sexual arousal and sexual performance. It should be noted that what causes impotence in one man may not affect another.If you think that a medication you are taking is having a negative effect on sexual performance, discuss the matter with your health care provider. NEVER stop taking any medication without first consulting your health care provider, because some medications can produce life-threatening reactions if they are not carefully and slowly stopped or switched appropriately.The following is a list of medications and non-prescription drugs that may cause impotence:Antidepressant and other psychiatric medications:Amitriptyline (Elavil)Amoxapine (Asendin)Buspirone (Buspar)Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)Clomipramine (Anafranil)Clorazepate (Tranxene)Desipramine (Norpramin)Diazepam (Valium)Doxepin (Sinequan)Fluoxetine (Prozac)Fluphenazine (Prolixin)Imipramine (Tofranil)Isocarboxazid (Marplan)Lorazepam (Ativan)Meprobamate (Equanil)Mesoridazine (Serentil)Nortriptyline (Pamelor)Oxazepam (Serax)Phenelzine (Nardil)Phenytoin (Dilantin)Sertraline (Zoloft)Thioridazine (Mellaril)Thiothixene (Navane)Tranylcypromine (Parnate)Trifluoperazine (Stelazine)Antihistamine medications (certain classes of antihistamines are also used to treat heartburn):Cimetidine (Tagamet)Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)Hydroxyzine (Vistaril)Meclizine (Antivert)Nizatidine (Axid)Promethazine (Phenergan)Ranitidine (Zantac)High blood pressure medicines and diuretics ("water pills"):Atenolol (Tenormin)BethanidineBumetanide (Bumex)Captopril (Capoten)Chlorothiazide (Diuril)Chlorthalidone (Hygroton)Clonidine (Catapres)Enalapril (Vasotec)Furosemide (Lasix)Guanabenz (Wytensin)Guanethidine (Ismelin)Guanfacine (Tenex)Haloperidol (Haldol)Hydralazine (Apresoline)Hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix)Labetalol (Normodyne)Methyldopa (Aldomet)Metoprolol (Lopressor)Minoxidil (Loniten)Nifedipine (Adalat, Procardia)Phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline)Phentolamine (Regitine)Prazosin (Minipress)Propranolol (Inderal)Reserpine (Serpasil)Spironolactone (Aldactone)Triamterene (Maxzide)Verapamil (Calan)Among the anti-hypertensive medications, thiazides are the most common cause of ED, followed by beta-blockers. Alpha-blockers are, in general, less likely to cause this problem.Parkinson's disease medications:Benztropine (Cogentin)Biperiden (Akineton)Bromocriptine (Parlodel)Levodopa (Sinemet)Procyclidine (Kemadrin)Trihexyphenidyl (Artane)Chemotherapy and hormonal medications:Antiandrogens (Casodex, Flutamide, Nilutamide)Busulfan (Myleran)Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)KetoconazoleLHRH agonists (Lupron, Zoladex)Other medications:Aminocaproic acid (Amicar)AtropineClofibrate (Atromid-S)Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)CyproteroneDigoxin (Lanoxin)Disopyramide (Norpace)EstrogenFinasteride (Propecia, Proscar, Avodart)Furazolidone (Furoxone)H2 Blockers (Tagamet, Zantac, Pepcid)Indomethacin (Indocin)Lipid lowering-agentsLicoriceMetoclopramide (Reglan)NSAIDs (Ibuprofen, etc.)Orphenadrine (Norflex)Prochlorperazine (Compazine)Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)Opiate analgesics (painkillers)CodeineFentanyl (Innovar)Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)Meperidine (Demerol)MethadoneMorphineOxycodone (Oxycontin, Percodan)Recreational drugs:AlcoholAmphetaminesBarbituratesCocaineMarijuanaHeroinNicotineReferencesMcVary KT. Clinical practice. Erectile dysfunction.N Engl J Med. Dec 2007; 357(24): 2472-81.
What are the bad effects of cough syrup on male sexual health?
Many medicines and recreational medicines can affect a man's sexual arousal and sexual performance. What effects difficulties in one man may not harm another man. Talk to your health problem provider if you think that a drug is hurting your sexual performance. Never stop using any medicine without first speaking to your provider. Some medicines may lead to life-threatening problems if you do not take care when stopping or changing them. The following is a list of some medicines and drugs that may make n (ED) in men. There may be additional drugs other than those on this list that can make difficulties. Antidepressants and different psychiatric medicines: Amitriptyline (Elavil) Amoxapine (Asendin) Buspirone (Buspar) Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) Clomipramine (Anafranil) Clorazepate (Tranxene) Desipramine (Norpramin) Diazepam (Valium) Doxepin (Sinequan) Fluoxetine (Prozac) Fluphenazine (Prolixin) Imipramine (Tofranil) Isocarboxazid (Marplan) Lorazepam (Ativan) Meprobamate (Equanil) Mesoridazine (Serentil) Nortriptyline (Pamelor) Oxazepam (Serax) Phenelzine (Nardil) Phenytoin (Dilantin) Sertraline (Zoloft) Thioridazine (Mellaril) Thiothixene (Navane) Tranylcypromine (Parnate) Trifluoperazine (Stelazine) Antihistamine medicines (certain classes of antihistamines are also used to treat heartburn): Cimetidine (Tagamet) Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) Hydroxyzine (Vistaril) Meclizine (Antivert) Nizatidine (Axid) Promethazine (Phenergan) Ranitidine (Zantac) High blood pressure medicines and diuretics (water pills): Atenolol (Tenormin) Bethanidine Bumetanide (Bumex) Captopril (Capoten) Chlorothiazide (Diuril) Chlorthalidone (Hygroton) Clonidine (Catapres) Enalapril (Vasotec) Furosemide (Lasix) Guanabenz (Wytensin) Guanethidine (Ismelin) Guanfacine (Tenex) Haloperidol (Haldol) Hydralazine (Apresoline) Hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix) Labetalol (Normodyne) Methyldopa (Aldomet) Metoprolol (Lopressor) Nifedipine (Adalat, Procardia) Phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline) Phentolamine (Regitine) Prazosin (Minipress) Propranolol (Inderal) Reserpine (Serpasil) Spironolactone (Aldactone) Triamterene (Maxzide) Verapamil (Calan) Thiazides are the most common cause of erectile dysfunction with high blood pressure medicines. The following most popular cause is beta-blockers. Alpha-blockers tend to be less likely to cause this problem. Parkinson disease drugs: Benztropine (Cogentin) Biperiden (Akineton) Bromocriptine (Parlodel) Levodopa (Sinemet) Procyclidine (Kemadrin) Trihexyphenidyl (Artane) Chemotherapy and hormonal medicines: Antiandrogens (Casodex, Flutamide, Nilutamide) Busulfan (Mylan) Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) Ketoconazole LHRH agonists (Lupron, Zoladex) LHRH agonists (Firmagon) Other medicines: Aminocaproic acid (Amicar) Atropine Clofibrate (Atromid-S) Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) Cyproterone Digoxin (Lanoxin) Disopyramide (Norpace) Dutasteride (Avodart) Estrogen Finasteride (Propecia, Proscar) Furazolidone (Furoxone) H2 blockers (Tagamet, Zantac, Pepcid) Indomethacin (Indocin) Lipid-lowering agents Licorice Metoclopramide (Reglan) NSAIDs (ibuprofen, etc.) Orphenadrine (Norflex) Prochlorperazine (Compazine) Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) Sumatriptan (Imitrex) Opiate analgesics (painkillers): Codeine Fentanyl (Innovar) Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) Meperidine (Demerol) Methadone Morphine Oxycodone (Oxycontin, Percodan) Recreational drugs: Alcohol Amphetamines Barbiturates Cocaine Marijuana Heroin Nicotine? For more Enquiry, you can call us 24*7 7687878787 and talk directly to the doctor
What is the best treatment for early stage prostate cancer?
is a treatment option that may be less traumatic than RP and appears to have similar results when used in early-stage patients. Radiation also produces side effects, including impotence, in about half of patients. It can be applied through an external beam that directs the dose to the prostate from outside the body. FDA also has cleared low-dose radioactive "seeds," each about the size of a grain of rice, that are implanted within the prostate to kill cancer cells locally. Called brachytherapy, the seeding technique is sometimes combined with external-beam radiation for a "one-two punch." Studies done at the Georgia Center for Prostate Cancer Research and Treatment show that 68 percent of men treated with both radiation methods applied simultaneously are cancer free 10 years after treatment." , in which prostate tumors are killed by freezing, shows encouraging early results. But some medical professionals consider it experimental with not enough long-term data yet to determine its effectiveness. is often used in all phases of prostate cancer treatment to help block production or action of the male hormones that have been shown to fuel prostate cancer. Among widely used approved hormone blockers, often used in combination, are Lupron (leuprolide acetate), Casodex (bicalutamide), Eulexin (flutamide), Nilandron (nilutamide), and Zoladex (goserelin acetate implant). Because the testicles produce male hormones, some men also undergo testicle removal to cut off the hormone supply. Advanced prostate cancer patients are usually treated with any number of chemotherapeutic drugs such as Novantrone (mitoxantrone), which do not cure the disease but often do ease pain and other symptoms. [from Federal Citizen Information Center (FCIC) - Understanding Prostate Changes: A Health Guide For All Men]
Prostate cancer?
DefinitionProstate cancer is cancer that starts in the prostate gland. The prostate is a small, walnut-sized structure that makes up part of a man's reproductive system. It wraps around the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body.Alternative NamesCancer - prostateCauses, incidence, and risk factorsThe cause of prostate cancer is unknown. Some studies have shown a relationship between high dietary fat intake and increased testosteronelevels.There is no known association with an enlarged prostate or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Prostate cancer is the third most common cause of death from cancer in men of all ages and is the most common cause of death from cancer in men over age 75. Prostate cancer is rarely found in men younger than 40.People who are at higher risk include:African-American menMen who are older than 60FarmersTire plant workersPaintersMen who have been exposed to cadmiumThe lowest number of cases occurs in Japanese men and those who do not eat meat (vegetarians).SymptomsThanks to PSA testing, most prostate cancers are now found before they cause symptoms. Although most of the symptoms listed below can occur with prostate cancer, they are more likely to be associated with noncancerous conditions.Urinary hesitancy (delayed or slowed start of urinary stream)Urinary dribbling, especially immediately after urinatingUrinary retentionPain with urinationPain with ejaculationLower back painPain with bowel movementOther symptoms that may occur with this disease:Excessive urination at nightUrinary leakage (incontinence)Bone pain or tendernessBlood in the urine (hematuria)Abdominal painLow red blood cell count (anemia)Unintentional weight lossLethargySigns and testsA rectal exam will often show an enlarged prostate with a hard, irregular surface.A number of tests may be done to diagnose prostate cancer:PSA test (may be high, although noncancerous enlargement of the prostate can also increase PSA levels)Free PSA (may help tell the difference between BPH and prostate cancer)AMACR (a newer test that is more sensitive than the PSA test for determining prostate cancer)Urinalysis (may show blood in the urine)Urine or prostatic fluid testing (may reveal unusual cells)Prostate biopsyis the only test that can confirm the diagnosis.The following tests may be done to determine whether the cancer has spread:CT scanBone scanChest x-rayHealth care providers use a system called staging to describe how far the cancer has grown. Tumor size, and how far the cancer has spread outside of the prostate determine the stage. Identifying the correct stage may help the doctor recommend the best treatment.There are several different ways to stage tumors, including:The TNM staging system (most common)The A-B-C-D staging system, also known as the Whitmore-Jewett systemThe grade of a tumor describes how aggressive a cancer might be. The more tumor cells differ from normal tissue, the faster these cells are likely to grow. The grading system for prostate cancer is called the Gleason grade or score. Higher scores are usually faster growing cancers.TreatmentThe appropriate treatment for prostate cancer is not clear. Treatment options vary based on the stage of the tumor. In the early stages, talk to your doctor about several options including surgery, radiation therapy, or, in older patients, monitoring the cancer without active treatment.Prostate cancer that has spread may be treated with drugs to reduce testosterone levels, surgery to remove the testes, or chemotherapy.Surgery, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy can interfere with sexual desire or performance on either a temporary or permanent basis. Discuss your concerns with your health care provider.SURGERYSurgery is usually only recommended after a thorough evaluation and discussion of all treatment options. A man considering surgery should be aware of the benefits and risks of the procedure.Surgery to remove the prostate gland is often recommended for treating stages A and B prostate cancers. This is a lengthy procedure and complications are possible. There are many different surgery options. See: Radical prostatectomy and Robotic surgery.Orchiectomy alters hormone production and may be recommended for cancer that has spread to other areas of the body. There may be some bruising and swelling right after surgery, but this will gradually go away. The loss of testosterone production may lead to problems with sexual function, osteoporosis (thinning of the bones), and loss of muscle mass.RADIATION THERAPYRadiation therapy is used primarily to treat stage A, B, or C prostate cancers. Whether radiation is as good as prostate removal is unclear. The decision about which treatment to choose can be difficult. In patients whose health makes surgery too risky, radiation therapy is often the preferred alternative. Radiation therapy to the prostate gland is either external or internal:External beam radiation therapy is done in a radiation oncology center by specially trained radiation oncologists, usually on an outpatient basis. Before treatment, a therapist will mark the part of the body that is to be treated with a special pen. The radiation is delivered to the prostate gland using a device that looks like a normal x-raymachine. The treatment itself is generally painless. Side effects may include impotence, incontinence, appetite loss, fatigue, skin reactions such as redness and irritation, rectal burning or injury, diarrhea, inflamed bladder (cystitis), and blood in urine. External beam radiation therapy is usually done 5 days a week for 6 - 8 weeks.Prostate brachytherapy or internal radiation involves placing radioactive seeds inside you, directly into the prostate. A surgeon inserts small needles through the skin behind your scrotum to inject the seeds. The seeds are so small that you don't feel them. They can be temporary or permanent. Because internal radiation therapy is directed to the prostate, it reduces damage to the tissues around the prostate. Prostate brachytherapy may be given for early, slow-growing prostate cancers. It also may be given with external beam radiation therapy for some patients with more advanced cancer. Side effects may include pain, swelling or bruising in your penis or scrotum, red-brown urine or semen, impotence, incontinence, and diarrhea.Radiation is sometimes used for pain relief when cancer has spread to the bone.MEDICATIONSMedicines can be used to adjust the levels of testosterone. This is called hormonal manipulation. Because prostate tumors require testosterone to grow, reducing the testosterone level often works very well at preventing further growth and spread of the cancer. Hormone manipulation is mainly used to relieve symptoms in men whose cancer has spread. It may also be done by surgically removing the testes.The drugs Lupron and Zoladex are also being used to treat advanced prostate cancer. These medicines block the production of testosterone. The procedure is often called chemical castration, because it has the same result as surgical removal of the testes. However, unlike surgery, it is reversible. The drugs must be given by injection, usually every 3 - 6 months. Possible side effects include nausea and vomiting, hot flashes, anemia, lethargy, osteoporosis, reduced sexual desire, and impotence.Other medications used for hormonal therapy include androgen-blocking drugs (such as flutamide), which prevent testosterone from attaching to prostate cells. Possible side effects include erectile dysfunction, loss of sexual desire, liver problems, diarrhea, and enlarged breasts.Chemotherapy is often used to treat prostate cancers that are resistant to hormonal treatments. An oncology specialist will usually recommend a single drug or a combination of drugs. Chemotherapy medications that may be used to treat prostate cancer include:AdriamycinDocetaxelEstramustineMitoxantronePaclitaxelPrednisoneAfter the first round of chemotherapy, most men receive further doses on an outpatient basis at a clinic or physician's office. Side effects depend on the drug, how often you take it, and for how long. Some of the side effects for the most commonly used prostate cancer chemotherapy drugs include:Blood clotsBruisingDry skinFatigueFluid retentionHair lossLowering of your white cells, red cells, or plateletsMouth soresNauseaTingling or numbness in hands and feetUpset stomachWeight gainMONITORINGYou will be closely watched to make sure the cancer does not spread. This involves routine doctor check-ups. Monitoring may include:Serial PSA blood test (usually every 3 months to 1 year)Bone scan or CT scan to check whether the cancer has spreadComplete blood count (CBC) to monitor for signs and symptoms of anemiaMonitoring for other signs and symptoms, such as fatigue, weight loss, increased pain, decreased bowel and bladder function, and weaknessSupport GroupsYou can ease the stress of illness by joining a support group whose members share common experiences and problems. See: Support group - prostate cancerExpectations (prognosis)The outcome varies greatly. This is mainly because the disease is found in older men, who may have a variety of other diseases or conditions such as heart or respiratory disease, or disabilities. The outcome is also affected by the stage and grade of the disease when you are diagnosed.ComplicationsImpotence is a potential complication after prostate removal or radiation therapy. Recent improvements in surgical procedures have made this complication less common. Urinary incontinence is another possible complication. Medications can have side effects, including hot flashes and loss of sexual desire.Calling your health care providerCall for an appointment with your health care provider if you are a man over age 40 who has:Never been screened for prostate cancer (by rectal exam and PSA level)Not had regular, annual examsA family history of prostate cancerDiscuss the advantages and disadvantages to PSA screening with your health care provider.PreventionThere is no known way to prevent prostate cancer. Following a vegetarian, low-fat diet or one that is similar to the traditional Japanese diet may lower your risk. Early identification (as opposed to prevention) is now possible by screening men over age 40 each year with a digital rectal examination (DRE) and PSA blood test.There is a debate, however, as to whether PSA testing should be done in all men. There are several potential downsides to PSA testing. The first is that a high PSA level does not always mean that a patient has prostate cancer. The second is that health care providers are detecting and treating some very early-stage prostate cancers that may never have caused the patient any harm. The decision about whether to use a PSA testing to screen for prostate cancer should be based on a discussion between the patient and his health care provider.ReferencesAndriole GL, Crawford ED, Grubb RI 3rd, Buys SS, Chia D, Church TR, et al. Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1310-1319.Babaian RJ, Donnelly B, Bahn D, Baust JG, Dineen M, Ellis D, et al. Best practice statement on cryosurgery for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 2008;180:1993-2004.NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Prostate cancer. V.2.2009. Accessed June 2009.Schroder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, Tammela TL, Ciatto S, Nelen V, et al. Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1320-1328.Walsh PC, DeWeese TL, et al. Clinical practice: localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(26):2696-2705.Wilt TJ, MacDonald R, et al. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and harms of treatments for clinically localized prostate cancer. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(6):435-448.
