Everything else in the Universe
No it is not. It is less bright than some, but brighter than others.
If the bright star is located farther away from Earth than the less bright star, it will appear dimmer due to the inverse square law of light intensity. The amount of light reaching Earth decreases with distance, so a closer, less bright star can appear brighter than a further, brighter star.
A red dwarf star is less bright than the sun. Red dwarfs are small, cool stars that emit energy at a much lower rate compared to the sun. Despite being less luminous, red dwarfs are the most common type of star in the universe.
In absolute terms, some are brighter than our Sun - in some rare cases, millions of times brighter - while others are much less bright than our Sun.
The sun would be 4 times less bright than it is now. The brightness of the sun follows an inverse square law
This is a bit less light than a 40W incandescent bulb (much less than a 9-watt CFL bulb, but twice as much as a 5-watt CFL mini-bulb).
No, stars less massive than the Sun do not have enough mass to undergo a supernova explosion. Instead, they may end their lives as a white dwarf or, if they are even less massive, a planetary nebula. Supernovae are events associated with more massive stars.
I am not sure what exactly you mean with "planetary objects". To see planets, just look up in the evening, and watch out for objects that look like exceptionally bright stars. These days (October 2010), after sunset you can see Venus as a very bright star in the west, and Jupiter as a bright star (less bright than Venus, but otherwise exceptionally bright) in the east.
Halide bulbs are generally more energy-efficient than incandescent bulbs, but less efficient than newer LED technology. They produce bright light with less energy consumption than incandescent bulbs but still have a relatively shorter lifespan.
Supernovae are often brighter than stars; they can get bright enough to be seen during the day, although these are quite rare. The Sun, the Moon, and some planets, comets and meteors are also brighter than stars.
I thought the Times would have been easier to read considering it's less bright than the Sun. But seriously, don't buy tabloid trash.
Because the bright line spectrum is generated by the transition of electrons in the atom among higher and lower energy levels, and no other atom of any other element has less than one electron in it.