No; protection is automatic as soon as a work of sufficient originality is fixed in a tangible medium.
One must apply to the copyright holder for permisson to use their copyrighted item.
Contact the copyright holder and request permission.
if you use there quotes.
The copyright holder, or anyone the copyright holder authorizes.
Yes; unless other arrangements were made, the copyright holder of a boardgame would be the copyright holder of the iPhone app of the boardgame, for example. However, most boardgame companies license their products to computer gaming companies.
To apply for a copyright, one must first file a claim at their local Copyright Office. There are forms required that must be filled out, and there may be fees related to filing that will need to be paid.
No. Unlike trademarks which must be defended, copyright can never be "lost". It can be sold, transferred, or placed in the public domain but this can only be done by the copyright holder.
yes you can
With permission from the copyright holder, yes.
The copyright holder or their appointed representative can take action.
In writing.
Only use materials in the public domain, for which you are the copyright holder, or for which you have permission from the copyright holder or an exemption in the law.