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Why may people prefer to work under a larger span of control?
Generally, employees working under a larger span of control have greater autonomy because there is less hierarchy. This kind of freedom to create and innovate is usually enjoyed by most employees. In addition, there is usually more teamwork because large spans of controls must use teams to be effective. Most employees enjoy working in teams.
Define planning organizing staffing coordinating of management?
Management functions There are many different activities that mangers perform into a few conceptual categories that are now called as management function. There are six management functions, they are. Ø Planning Ø Organizing Ø Coordinating Ø Staffing Ø Directing Ø Controlling Planning In this function it establishes goals and objectives to pursue during a future period. The planning function spans all levels of management. Top managers are involved in strategic planning that sets board, long-range goals for an organization. These goals become the basis for short-range, annual operational planning; during which top and middle managers determine specific departmental objectives that will help the organization makes progress toward the broader, long-range goals. Organizing In this function it typically follows planning and reflects how the organization tries to accomplish its goals and objectives. In relation to the structure of a company, organizing involves the assignment of tasks, the grouping of tasks into departments and the allocation of resources to departments. Organizing also involves establishing the flow of authority and communication between position and levels within the organization. Top manager performs these activities. Like wise middle manager and supervisors organize the tasks to create positions within their departments. Job analysis and job design activities are organizing function. Coordinating In this function coordinating refers to management activities related to achieving an efficient use of resources to attain the organization's goals and objectives. Staffing In this function staffing refers to the fundamental cycle of human resources activities, determining human resource needs, and recruiting, selecting, hiring, training, and developing staff members. Directing In this function directing is also referred to as leading, it involves influencing division, departments, and individual staff members to accomplish the organization's goals and objectives. Controlling In this function manager performing the controlling management function translate organizational goals and objectives into performance standards for divisions, department and individual position. Controlling also involves assessing actual performance against standards to determine whether the organization is on target to reach its goals and taking corrective actions as necessary. Managers practicing the evaluative component of controlling assess how well the organization has achieved its objectives. This article is taken from the book " Leadership and Management in the Hospitality Industry". Robert H. Woods and Judy Z. king writes this boo
Identify how an organization can be termed as a system?
IntroductionThe global accelerated development of new media and technologies and of theirapplication in electronically mediated communication has had a significant impact onhuman social learning and progress. Worldwide societies have come to find out abouteach other too much too fast, too soon, with an immense impact on the universalsystem of conceptual significations and socio-cultural representations. On aworldwide scale, learning environments and educational settings built and developedaround digital and electronic networks of communication, are seriously challenged bythe diverse applications of novel digital and information communication technologies,and the consequent exploitation of information and transfer of knowledge in these,rapidly increasing in complexity, networks.The global system of information which constructs our knowledge of the socialand defines our individual and collective existence is digitally reconstructed andreproduced in hyper-real configurations by digital and information communicationtechnologies. There is a noticeable continuous reorganization of information,consequently of knowledge, which makes the traditional quest for true and absoluterealities questionable and problematic. Such a quest often generates confusion anddisillusion, which add up to the recycling process of already inadequate andinsufficient justifications to explain the contemporary world or to educate its futurecitizens. A spatial theoretical understanding of the digital reorganization ofinformation and knowledge in digital and electronic communication based learningenvironments is needed.Digital and Electronic Communication Based Learning EnvironmentsLearning environments and educational settings are disrupted by new forms of a newmeta-postmodern logic. This logic is guided by digital and informationcommunication technologies and by diverse cultural configurations, upsets traditionaleducational practices and learning processes and changes the conditions of productionof knowledge in the global socio-economic structure. Digital and electroniccommunication based learning environments and educational settings emerge asdiverse postmodern formations characterized by the intensification of the availabilityand use of information. By means of electronic communication and of digitalapplications and technologies, they reproduce and sustain a diverse worldwide digitalculture characterized by technologically dissimilar and informationally complexlearning experiences. This culture is a mixture of mutated cultural configurations ofpostmodernity which can be more accurately termed as postmodernity-and-beyond.This is the culture of the information explosion which defines the societies of digitalcapitalism and which secures the conditions for the flow of information byreproducing itself through digital regenerations in hyperspace.A global and differentiated system of information has been responsible for thesocial organization of societies worldwide. The intensification of the use ofinformation in hyper-spatial environments becomes critical in the reconstruction andretransformation of the global social order and social change and the reproduction ofhuman existence by means of digital cloning and mutation. The challenge is toreconsider the content and validity of the available information and knowledge intheir learning contexts of global electronic communication, and, of their applicationthrough information technologies in digital and electronic communication basedlearning environments and educational settings.In a world dominated by the increasing integration of human consciousness withdigital and information technologies, I contend that an analytical model of learning indigital and electronic communication based environments can be synthesized anddeveloped from a detailed analysis and spatial theorization of the structure andorganization of the system of information.HypothesesThis in-depth analysis, I contend, can proceed from a 'framing' of the organization ofthe system of information which comprises our digital and electronic communicationbased environments, and which in effect organizes our existence within, and inrelation to it. Such an analysis will provide the theoretical observations andjustifications for an argument of the digital reconstruction of hyper-reality in digitaland electronic communication based environments, and can proceed along four interrelatedhypotheses: the Information Flow hypothesis which establishes contemporaryhistorical and socio-cultural conditions; the Social Knowledge hypothesis whichidentifies specific informational patterns of organization in structures, discourses,ideological systems, and cultural trends and can be reflexively applied to describe theorganization of the dominant system of information; the Code of Informationhypothesis which aims in establishing the theoretical framework for diverse aspects ofthe organization of the system of information; and, the System of Informationhypothesis, which offers a new philosophic description of the current epoch. Itconsists of theoretical approximations, more speculative and futures-oriented,regarding the organization and implication of the system of information in the era ofglobal electronic communication and information communication technologies(Andoniou, 2008).The Information Flow HypothesisOur view and perception of the social, the world out there, are shaped by ouraccumulated life experiences, which exponentially add up to our banks of socialknowledge. The discourses of history, politics, economy and culture, as separate,though inseparable to each other, as discourses of representational information,construct a real and imagined at the same time vision of this world within the humanmind. Social knowledge is constructed at the subjective and collective levels ofhuman information processing, and is therefore dependent on the organization of thesystem of information within which it is produced.Informational representations take form and shape in language and visual images,are reflected and manipulated in ideology, and finally they are expressed thoughpatterns of social communication and action as a response to historical, political,economic and cultural conditionsThe Social Knowledge HypothesisWithin the boundaries of our physical space and across the arrow of time ourperception of what constitutes (collectively and/or individually) acceptable socialknowledge is to a great extent controlled by the global communication technologiesand media of all forms. The system of information entails controlled representationsof the intentions and the financial interests of transnational media corporations andtheir affiliated corporate and governmental infrastructure. At another level of spatialconsciousness, that of hyperspace, human and machine information processing andcommunication, converge and align along fractal levels of distortion of the system ofinformation. This in turn shapes our knowledge of the social - often in distinctivecorporate interests. Let alone the nature of knowledge per se, more importantly,events of socialchange and decisions of social action, in this respect, become ambiguous andquestionable, as to whether they are expressions of individual choice and freedom orreproductive of well-established patterns of exploitation and domination (Figure 2).The development of information communication technologies andtelecommunications networks has intensified the production, generation, regeneration,circulation and exploitation of the system of information in an endless vicious circle.Human interaction and communicational practice with computer technologies formThe Social Knowledge hypothesisknowledge and re-organizes social life. Its mechanics are characterized byinteractivity, networkingand flexibility. The new relations of human experience andconstruction of meaning are re-negotiated in the hyper-real cultural environments.They are globalized through economic systematization, the design and promotion of aglobal culture and consciousness, which seemingly integrates and unifies the world onthe surface, but leaves the particular details of the validity of the underlying changesand transformations unresolved.The Code of Information HypothesisThe emerging new forms of postmodernity are dominated by the code of information.These forms do not consist separate historical periods, rather they are manifestationsof the intensification of certain cultural attributes because of the ever-increasingsurplus of information. New relations between spatiality and time are generated by thecode of information in the hyper-real cultural environments. In our traditionalphysical world, the past exists in the form of memories and as practiced andacknowledged experience that has been interweaved in programmes of intendedfuture action. The future exists only in the sphere of our imagination, and exists onlyas a projection of calculated evaluation and desired outcomes (Figure 3).The concept of information in the age of information communication and digitaltechnologies can be distinctively identified to have systemic characteristics, theorganization and structure of which can be analyzed through the code of information.The Code of Information hypothesis refers to general patterns of organization of thesystem of information, and with regard both to content and relationships. Thedigitalization of the system of information makes the code vulnerable to control andprogrammability. The code of information is also susceptible to the weaknesses ofhuman information processing but also to the exploitative tendencies and interests ofexternal interference and disturbance.The System of Information HypothesisThe system of information spans along multiple coexisting spatial levels oforganization across the arrow of time, which represent conditions of freedom, ofexploitation and of domination of the system of information, respectively. Theseorganizational levels of the system of information (corresponding to entropy,redundancy, and noise of its volume and intensity) coexist at any time at differentlevels of intensities, and which mark certain socio-cultural and historical periods. Inthe contemporary era of information communication and digital technologies, ofhyper-real landscapes and fantasy worlds, the fractalization the system of informationestablishes new relations of meanings and understandings (Figure 4).Information communication technologies are digitally constructing reality, or toput it in another way, they are digitally reconstructing hyper-reality. The reorganizationand transformation of the system of information is taking place withinthe boundaries of hyperspace or cyberspace. Still, the human obsession with thiselectronic spatiality, recreates the conditions of the organization of the system ofinformation in every aspect of contemporary social life. The code of the system ofinformation is structured along coexisting and interacting with each other, levels oforganization, each characterized by various degrees of intensification of information.At any point in the arrow of time, the system of information presents coexistingand alternating degrees of authentic, simulated and illusionary segments ofinformation which are reflected in the organization of social life and the world. In theera of digital communication and computer technologies, the system of informationimplodes towards fractalization. The meaning that justifies the relation of the systemof information to the social configurations and entities which reflexively areorganized by it, is undergoing a gradual transformation of deconstruction,Figuredifferentiation and reconstruction. Consequently, all logical justifications andconfirmations of social reality in the postmodern world and beyond, are destroyed,intensified, transformed, reborn and set free of the tyranny of reason.Trialectics, Heterotopias and ThirdspaceThe suggested hypotheses leading to the proposed theoretical approximations of theInfogramic Analysis model, challenge conventional modes of spatial thinking andrequire a conceptual shift. This is based on assertions of alternative envisionings ofspatiality, as illustrated in the 'trialectics and thirdings' of Lefebvre (1991), the'heterotopologies' of Foucault (1986), and Soja's (1996) concept of 'thirdspace'.They are briefly mentioned here.For Lefebvre (1991) each field of human spatiality - the physical, the mental, thesocial - is seen as simultaneously real and imagined, concrete and abstract, materialand metaphorical. Similarly, the philosophical discussion in this article envisions thesystem of information as 'real' and imagined, physically present but absent orinvisible in an abstract way. Lefebvre's 'production of space' in a dialectically linkedtriad (spatial practice - representations of space - spaces of representation) define aperceived spatiality that embraces the production and reproduction of the system oninformation, a conceived space of representations constituted via control over andexploitation of knowledge, signs, and codes, and the lived informational space ofcomplex and imaginary symbolisms, coded and not. I contend that the social space ofthe system of information is defined by, across time, a 'trialectic' of spatialconfigurations, what I term elsewhere as 'level-states' of the system of information.In Foucault's (1986) spatiality of 'other places', 'heterotopias' are defined as thosereal and singular spaces to be found in specific social environments and whosefunctions are different or even the opposite of others. Assumptions, analogies andisomorphies from diverse analyses which support the hypotheses stated in the currentargument, suggest that the system of information can be considered as a 'heterotopia'.As such, it is characterized by principles of 'heterotopology' and it is identified inworldwide signification and representational systems in differentiated forms, it canalter and transform over time in synchronization to specific environments it occupies,it can exist in different spatial configurations, even incompatible to each other, itpresents heterochronic formations, it can be closed and isolated or open andpermeable at the same time, it is responsible for creating illusionary 'other' spaces.Soja's (1996) 'Thirdspace' project called for a different way of thinking about themeanings and the significance of our already established spatial or geographicalimaginations. Thirdspace can be seen as a new approximation, a different way oflooking at the same subject, a sequence of never-ending variations on recurrent spatialthemes. This is what, in my point of view, is what characterizes the system ofinformation and because of this we need flexible and dynamic open-endedtheorizations, based on frequent reconsiderations and recombinations of alternatingconceptualizations of its structure, organization, and communication.Soja's 'trialectical' thinking challenges all conventional modes of thought andtaken-for-granted epistemologies. It is disorderly, unruly, constantly evolving,unfixed, never presentable in permanent constructions, denoting a shift fromexistential ontology to an epistemology of space. Thirdspace provides the spatialperspective needed to consider and understand social reality and the organization ofthe system of information and a closer understanding of social change and ofemerging hyper-realities in the Digital era.The Digital Reorganization of InformationFollowing the theoretical assumptions in the four hypotheses and the philosophicalpositions underlying them, I argue that a pattern of structural and organizationalcharacteristics of the system of information can be indicated which provides thebackground to develop an argument for the digital reorganization of information inhyper-spatial environments.The system of information is shared in a variety of ways within networks ofexchanges, where internal and external communication enables its content to organizeand be organized. The system of information is a complex system with substantialinternal differential integration and co-ordination that exists in a state that is neithertotally ordered nor totally chaotic. Alternating between order and chaos it settles intopatterns associated to 'relations of meaning'. Although the distribution of theelements of information patterns is unpredictable, still they do not disperse outside theboundaries of the pattern. Breaking apart the elements, that make up the code ofinformation, and looking at the individual pieces and their interrelationships is the keyin understanding the complexity of the system of information, and coming to a closerunderstanding of the relationship between 'reality' and 'hyper-reality'.A dynamic retransformation of the system of information in digital and electroniccommunication based systems takes place, characterized by self-similarity and fractaldimensionality. This digital reorganization or fractalization of the system ofinformation, I contend, can be described along distinct phase spaces (spatial changesacross time) of fractal implosion empowered by equally distinct interconnectingmicro-processes, which comprise the archetypal organizational pattern and force ofchange and transformation responsible for the unpredictable vulnerability andprogrammability of 'real' and 'hyper-real' social configurations in the Digital era.These processes are discussed in brief next along with some additional elements ofthe generic macro- and micro-structure of the system of information.Infogramic AnalysisThe digital reorganization of information stresses the need to understand the code ofthe system of information within fresh ways of thinking, unavoidably abstract andprobabilistic and possibly paradoxical and controversial. To this end, I propose aseries of theoretical approximations on the organization of the system of information,namely: the Infotype, the Level-States of Information, Virtual Implosion, FractalDynamics, and Infogramics. These comprise the analytical model which I termInfogramic Analysis.These theoretical approximations can be argued to be a meta-philosophicalproposition towards a radical reconstruction of long-established thinking of theproduction of social knowledge. The analytical model put forward in the form ofconceptual / digital / graphical approximations is a radical methodological suggestionon how we can improve our understanding about the operation and impact of thesystem of information in the digital reconstruction of contemporary societies and onthe re-realization of human consciousness in the postmodern-and-beyond era. Theproposed theoretical model aims to offer an alternative idea and to envisage as to howwe can use the results of such an understanding to identify patterns of exploitation,domination and struggle in a diversity of real, imagined and other places. The modelhopes to redefine principles of organization of social transformation, social changeand successful survival in living and learning with information communicationtechnologies.The spatial context within which the proposed theoretical conceptualizations aremade explicit and can be represented with more ease is where human and machinetechnologies converge, that is hyperspace or, cyberspace, or what Wilson and Corey(2000) defined as e·space, the spatial context of the emerging digital and informationcommunication technologies, such as, computers, telecommunications networks,electronic media, and the Internet.InfotypeAt any moment of transformation across time, the system of information can preserveits quantitative and qualitative dimensions from one trajectory to another, which areembodied in what can be called an infotype. An infotype refers to the specific contentand the general architectural characteristics of the system of information. Differentsystems of information may belong to the same infotype, and a system of informationmay belong to more than one infotypes. The infotype carries the code (instructions)which the components of the system of information need to use for their structural andinteractive orientation and their iterative proliferation. For an infotype to survive andsecure its existence in the ocean of informational landscapes, it needs to regenerateconstant change by way of adaptation and habituation to the available informationalenvironments. Adaptation implies quantitative and/or qualitative alterations, whichcan be the result of mutation of information through iterative processes, whereashabituation refers to the successful establishment of adaptation.Level-States of InformationInfotypes are organized across space and time in an inter-connected triad of associatedspatial level-states of organization: an Era of Romanticism (actuality), an Epoch ofErsatz (imitation) and an Age of Chimera (fantasy). Romanticism, Ersatz and Chimeraare space-time coordinates, which remain unaffected as a triad globally, but theydifferentiate individually and locally, across the arrow of time. They refer to thevolume and intensity of available information during various historical periods, notnecessarily distinct ones, but related to the historical, socio-economic and culturalconditions of these periods. They co-exist as general spatial frameworks across timethat encompass and host diverse systems and organization networks. At differentspace-time coordinates one level-state may predominate to the expense of the othersdepending on the degree of intensification of the flow and organization of informationwithin a given systemThe Era of Romanticism. The Era of Romanticism is predominated by theintensification of spatial practice. The perceived physical space is the main domain ofthe negotiation of information and social knowledge (actuality). At this level-state thesystem of information is characterized primarily by the authenticity, and subsequentlyby the simplicity and originality of its components. The Era of Romanticism wouldprobably characterize socio-spatial formations of primary and basic organization,where the networks of information are almost non-existent or just emerging, wherecommunication of the information is scarce and elementary, and where socialtransformation and change is time-consuming. It is an era of potential progress anddevelopment as a result of social exploration, error and trial, based on the unhindered'freedom' of informationThe Epoch of Ersatz. The Epoch of Ersatz is characterized by the intensification ofrepresentations of space, in which information is disputed, infected and dominated.The Epoch of Ersatz signifies the 'conceptualized space' of the system of information.The social during the Epoch of Ersatz is constituted through the control andexploitation of information. Information is classified and categorized into controlledknowledge and defined signs and codes are responsible for the construction of 'socialreality'. During this level-state, the system of information becomes redundant with theelements of unpredictability and entropy being controlled. Informational constructsare generated through imitation and floating signifiers define the limits of socialexperience. Reason and logic dominate social action and change. The Epoch of Ersatzcan probably apply to developing and developed patterns of organization, with wellestablished networks of communication. This would be a system indicative ofexperimentation, justification and potential exploitation of choices and alternativesThe Age of Chimera. In the Age of Chimera, fantasy becomes the predominantcomponent of the system of information. Information becomes illusive, provocativeand hyper-real. The spaces of representation become intensified with the originalauthenticity of the Era of Romanticism and the 'original' simulations of Epoch ofErsatz becoming incorporated and assimilated in the domination of lived experience.The system of information shows a highly complex organization, with 'reality' beingencoded, and 'hyper-reality' being decoded as the dominant socio-spatial dominant.At this level-state the system of information is dominated by the rejection ofauthenticity and originality, by increased tensions of imagination and hallucination,and by the emergence of distorted spatial formations. The system of informationreactivates its entropic tendencies within a system environment alternating betweenstates of chaotic organization and of organized chaos. The Age of Chimera is a periodof subordination to the code of the system of information which controls andregenerates ever-emerging spatial realities. The Age of Chimera is intensified inadvanced modes of organization characterized by networked flexibility, flexiblenetworking and infinite possibilities of communication. Change and transformation isfast and at its extreme leads towards the fractalization of the system of informationVirtual ImplosionThe theoretical approximation of Virtual Implosion of the system of informationintends to describe how the system of information transforms (mutates) to a fractalsystem, where meaning is replaced with the ambiguity of 'relations of meaning'.Information. The systemic organization of Information before Virtual Implosion isstrongly related to 'meaning'. Information can be considered as segments ofcommunicated knowledge concerning particular facts, subjects, or events. Any set ofdata, out of which information is constructed, is in essence an abstract flow ofelectronic signals, which are coded and exist in various forms. These coded data setsare defined here as 'fragments of data', whereas, the components of a system ofinformation as 'fragments of information'. Fragments of data make up data, datamake up fragments of information, which, in turn, can form a system of information,which presents systemic characteristics. A set of Information is in essence a system ofinformation.Phase spaces of Virtual Implosion. Virtual Implosion takes places in a series ofcontinuous, infinite loops of dynamic change, expressed in distinctive phase spaces,and repeated in alternating and interrelated iterative cycles. During Virtual Implosionabstract flows of electronic signals, coded as information, undergo quantitative andqualitative alterations within trajectories (phase spaces) of mutation. These phasespaces lead to the fractalization of information, by reproducing irregular,contradictory and chaotic distortions of the original. These fractal informationalsimulations may be simplified, distorted, controllable and programmable versions ofthe original information.The Virtual Implosion of the system of information is characterized by three phasespaces of fractal mutation: (a) Syghysis (deconstruction): With Syghysis, a relativelyordered group of components (fragments of data or fragments of information) ofmeaningful information is deconstructed into the individual components; these arethen rearranged randomly, in disorder, around a core reference point and within theboundaries of the information environment; (b) Molynsis (differentiation): Molynsisfollows the phase of Syghysis. During Molynsis each one of the randomly dispersedindividual units (data) start to differentiate acquiring diverse degrees of emphasis,prestige, and structure, of similar dimensions; and, (c) Photococciasis(reconstruction): As a result of Molynsis, with Photococciasis, the differentiatedstress applied on the constituent units of information, generates a non-linear stretchingof the components towards a disorganized reconstruction of fractal dimensionsFractal. The Fractal systemic condition of information is an irregular, disorganizedmutation of communicated knowledge. In contrast to the original, meaning-relatedsystem of information, the fractalized system of information consists of repetitivedistortions of facts, subjects, or events, without any specific or necessary reference tomeaning, truth or reality, other than the reference to themselves. The structuralarchitecture of a Fractal, accounts for the exhibited vulnerability, fragility andanomia, whereas the irregularity of the patterns of interactivity accounts for thepotential manipulation, controllability, and programmability. The later may regeneratedistorted versions of an original, and disguise it as the original itself. The viralcharacter of the fractal neutralizes and liquidifies the original translation, and itsscandalous behaviour produces false recognition of the original system ofinformation.Fractal DynamicsThe three phase spaces of the Virtual Implosion of the system of information tofractalization, are controlled and interconnected by five powerful micro-processeshereby collectively termed as Fractal Dynamics: (a) Catastrophe (destruction)generates the Syghysis of Information, by breaking down, deconstructing, thecomponents of the system to fragments of information and data; (b) Orgasm(excitement) completes Syghysis and powers up Molynsis, by generating randommobility of the components of the system of information; it forces them to rearrangein the periphery of, but still within the prescribed limits, of the system; (c)Metamorphosis (transformation) concludes Molynsis and initiates Photococciasis, byproducing levels of differentiation among the fragments, and assigning to themvarious degree of emphasis and substance; (d) Epigenesis (rebirth) signals the end ofPhotococciasis, restructuring the differentiated fragments by exercising flexible nonlinearstretching on them towards the Fractal phase of the system; and (e) Anomia(lawlessness) secures the fractalization of the system of information by the irregulardisorganized reconstruction of the stretched componentsInfogramicsWith Virtual Implosion and Fractal Dynamics always present at the generic level ofsystemic organization, Datagrams and Infograms are informational constructs andpatterns of informational organization at a smaller scale, which may as well beunderstood as basic or complex concepts, definitions, attitudes, opinions, beliefs,ideologies, theories, bodies of knowledge, in general, any organized or non-organized(around meaning or relations of meaning) system of information.Datagrams. Datagrams are basic and simple informational constructs of symbols,icons, signs, figures, characters, letters, numbers, archetypes, and so on. They maygenerate infinite combinations within their native environment to add moreinformational units to their system. The self-similarity and plurality of thecomponents of datagrams accounts for, and appends to the 'meaning' entailed in thedatagram. Datagrams may interact with other similar or not datagrams, in infinitecombinations, to produce infogramsInfograms. An Infogram is an informational construct of higher level of complexitythan that of a datagram. An infogram can be generated from interacting datagrams butis not necessarily the sum of the source datagrams. Infograms present multidimensionalpatterns of organization of spatial symmetries and structural non-linearcurves. They can be said to represent, at varying degrees of complexity, concepts,definitions, ideas, perceptions, explanations, descriptions, segments of information,bodies of knowledge, and so on. According to their origin of their constituentcomponents (combined arrangements of datagrams or other infograms), infograms aredistinguished as: Authentic infograms (strong relations of meaning, resistance toforeign interactions); Simulated infograms (visible imaginary versions of authenticinfograms); and Fractal infograms (simplified, distorted, and programmable versionof authentic or simulated infograms and of 'dubious' meaning)Endogenesis and Exogenesis. Infograms (and datagrams) present distinctive patternsof organization which account for the inter-relativity and interactivity of infogramicsystems. These organizational patterns are here defined as Endogenesis andExogenesis respectively. Endogenesis refers to the innate tendencies of the structuralcondition of the infogramic system to self-relate, generate and maintain a stable andenduring structural architecture of meaning around the core theme characteristic ofthe system. Three levels of structural condition characterize the endogenousassociations of an infogramic system: Organization, Lethargy, and Disorganization.Exogenesis refers to the tendencies of the infogramic system to communicate orrespond to incoming communication with its environment. Exogenesis expresses thetendency of the system of information to associate, to establish networks, and toprogress to further evolvement. Three levels of structural involvement characterizethe exogenous interactions of an infogramic system: Simplicity, Apathy, andComplexity. In any state of infogramic activity or inaction, the system is balanced asendogenous associations establish a condition of heterogeneous homogenization,whereas exogenous interactions, on the opposite side, apply a condition ofhomogenous heterogeneityFigure 15: Infogramic endogenous associations and exogenous interactions.ConclusionIn the era of digital and information communication technologies, the fractalization ofinformation leads to the mutation of information and knowledge to electronicallydistorted and repetitive hyper-realities. The proposed model of Infogramic Analysis,I contend, can act as a methodological response for the analysis of learning andteaching with information communication technologies in digital and electroniccommunication based learning environments. Infogramic Analysis can be useful inidentifying the patterns of gradual deconstruction, differentiation and reconstructionof digital information and knowledge, and their gradual mutation towards abstractfractal infogramic systems. In our contemporary global information society forms ofdigital and electronic communication establishes new relations of meanings andunderstandings of the world. Information and knowledge in digital and electroniccommunication based learning environments challenge our empirical so-calledorthodoxies with the appearance of paradoxes and controversies, the non-absolute of'reality' or the partial availability of 'truth'. Understanding how the global system ofinformation is digitally reconstructed within digital and electronic communicationbased learning environments reveals to us how systems and bodies of socialknowledge, based on it, they all mutate to digital illusions, altered states of realitywhich come to dominate our so-conceived real and conceptual imaginations throughour daily interactive practices and learning and experiences with informationcommunication technologies.ReferencesAndoniou, C. (2008). Fractal fetishes: Essays on the Organization of the System ofInformation. VDM: Saarbrücken.Baudrillard, J. (1990). Fatal Strategies. New York: Semiotext(e).Foucault, M. (1986). Of Other Spaces. Diacritics, 16, 22-27.Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.Soja, E. W. (1996). Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-ImaginedPlaces. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.Wilson, M. I. & Corey, K. E. (2000). Information Tectonics. Chilchester: Wiley.
What is multinational management?
Multination management is a term applied to an individual who manages an organization that spans to many nations. The term can also mean that an organization is multicultural.
What is mechanistic design?
Mechanistic structure is a type of business structure. It involves individuals not working together but doing work on a single job.
What are some of the isthmuses in Asia?
The Kra Isthmus, which spans narrow strips of Thailand on the east and Myanmar/Burma on the west, connects the Malaysian peninsula to the Indochina peninsula (Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam).
Why do churches have much larger vestibules now than they did long ago?
Due to the construction techniques available at the time, it was not possible to build large spans.
Where did the Chinese build the Great Wall of China?
The Great Wall of China spans more than 8000km from Shanhaiguan (not Shanghai) in the east to Lop Nur in the west.
Muscle spans from the ribs to sternum?
The pectoralis minor spans some of the space.
What century was the year 1508 in?
The 16th. century spans the years 1501-1600.The 16th. century spans the years 1501-1600.The 16th. century spans the years 1501-1600.The 16th. century spans the years 1501-1600.
Harbor Bridge spans which river?
Sydney Harbour bridge spans Sydney harbour
What southwest Asian country spans two continents?
Turkey spans two continents.
What is the weight of a bridge that spans 35 centimeters?
weight of a bridge that spans 35 centimeters
What is are consistent with recent efforts by companies to reduce costs cut overhead speed up decision making increase flexibility get closer to customers and empower employees?
Wider spans of control are consistent with recent efforts by companies to reduce costs cut overhead speed up decision making increase flexibility get closer to customers and empower employees. Wider spans of control has been the trend of recent years.
Do tall people necessarily have larger hand spans?
Yes, shorter people have shorter hand spans.
