answersLogoWhite

0


Want this question answered?

Be notified when an answer is posted

Add your answer:

Earn +20 pts
Q: Pay attention to Nick's judgment.What do they reveal about his character that he does this?
Write your answer...
Submit
Still have questions?
magnify glass
imp
Continue Learning about Psychology

What environmental factors damage DNA?

There are many common types of DNA damage that impact accurate replication by DNA polymerases . Furthermore, the degree and spectrum of DNA damage depends on the sample source and the type of environment to which it was exposed. Some types of damage are ubiquitous and can potentially be present in all extracted DNA, while other types of damage are the result of exposure to a specific source (see Table 1). Under hysiological conditions the most labile bond in DNA is the N-glycosyl bond that attaches the base to the deoxyribose backbone. This is in contrast to RNA in which the phosphodiester bond in the backbone is the least stable under the same conditions. Hydrolysis of the N-glycosyl bond results in the loss of a base leaving an rinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site that itself eventually decomposes into a nick. Because the reactive species is H2O, AP sites are expected in all stored DNA samples. This includes lyophilized samples because it is very difficult to remove the final shell of H2O molecules immediately adjacent to the DNA. Under metabolically active conditions it is estimated that approximately 2,000-10,000 AP sites are formed in a single human cell genome each day . This rate will vary from sample to sample, especially in samples taken from a crime scene because the type of environmental exposure will vary. The presence of AP sites in a DNA sample is problematic for two primary reasons. First, genetic information is lost because the AP site cannot form a base pair with an incoming nucleotide during DNA replication. Second, typical PCR polymerases stall at the AP site preventing further replication .If enough AP sites are present, amplification or sequencing reactions will simply fail. The breakdown of AP sites into nicks further compounds the problem as it eventually leads to the fragmentation of the DNA. Another common type of DNA damage that occurs under physiological conditions is the hydrolytic deamination of cytosine to form uracil .Sequencing studies on DNA extracted from very old samples, termed ancient DNA, have determined that this is the major damage complicating data analysis.Cytosine deamination, like AP site formation, is caused by hydrolysis and is probably present in the DNA extracted from many sources. Interestingly, unlike depurination, the rate of cytosine deamination is slowed in double-stranded DNA as compared to single stranded DNA.


Related questions

Who is Stevie Nicks's sister?

Lori Nicks is married to Stevie's brother Chris Nicks and is also one of Stevie Nicks' close friends and back up singer (for Fleetwood Mac also).


What is the birth name of Dewey Nicks?

Dewey Nicks's birth name is George Dewey Nicks III.


Who owns Nicks Entertainment?

Nicks Entertainment - Comic booking Agency, They represent some of the top World known stand up comedians. This company is owned by Kevin Nicks.


Is Stevie Nicks single?

No, Stevie Nicks is not single.


How tall is Carl Nicks?

Carl Nicks is 6' 5".


When was Walter Nicks born?

Walter Nicks was born in 1925.


When did Walter Nicks die?

Walter Nicks died in 2007.


How tall is Dan Nicks?

Dan Nicks is 6' 2".


What is Stevie Nicks's occupation?

Stevie Nicks is a/an Singer, songwriter


Whens nicks birthday?

answer: nicks birthday is spt 15


Where do you get nicks ring?

You get nicks ringtone off your t-mobile blackberry


When was Buckingham Nicks created?

Buckingham Nicks was created in 1973-09.