The Talmud.
talmudic
The Mishnah and the Gemara make up the Talmud. These are the Oral Torah, which serve to explain the written Torah. The laws of the Oral Torah were received by the Israelites from God at Mount Sinai, along with the written Torah (Talmud, Berakhot 5a). The Talmud was put into writing 1510 years ago, so that it wouldn't be forgotten during the Jewish exile.
Talmudic laws are those contained within the Mishnah, a written compendium of much older Jewish oral law, and the Gemara, a set of rabbinical discussions on the Mishnah laws and their applications. Mishnah laws are based on rabbinic interpretations of the Torah (Jewish bible) and seek to provide a basis for all future applications of the law. Together, the Mishnah and Gemara provide a framework and basis for all other Jewish law, known as rabbinic law, as still upheld by Beth Din Jewish courts to this day.
The Gemara is primarily a collection of discussions and commentaries on the Mishnah, which is the codification of Jewish oral law. While it does mention events and figures from Jewish history, its main purpose is to interpret and analyze the laws and teachings of the Torah. The Gemara does emphasize repentance and obedience to God's commandments, as this is a fundamental aspect of Jewish law and practice.
The Talmud consists of 2 main parts: the Mishnah and the Gemara. The Mishnah contains about 4000 pages, and the Gemara contains about 5500 pages. So in total, the Talmud has around 9500 pages.
The Mishnah is written in Hebrew with an occasional Aramaic or Greek word thrown in. The Gemara is in Aramaic. The Mishnah predated the Jerusalem Talmud by about 100 years and the Babylonian Talmud by about 300 years. The Mishnah was the first written codification of the oral law. It is basically an outline that is explained in greater depth in Gemara. Younger school children who are familiar with Hebrew can learn the Mishnah and develop a broad general understanding of the commandments, and later delve into the "why's" of why the Mishnah concluded a law derived from a specific verse results in such and such a case. See Maimonides introduction to the "Mishne Torah for more information.
The word Talmud comes from the root "l-m-d" which means to learn or to teach. The Talmud is the collection of Jewish laws and traditions, consisting of the Mishnah and the Gemara. Mishnah is the section of the Talmud consisting of the collection of oral laws, edited by Rabbi Judah ha Nasi (c135-190 CE). For the following 300 or so years, the Mishnah was discussed, debated, and commented upon, resulting in another, much longer body of text called the Gemara. Built to a large extent in question and answer style, it consists of both laws and stories (called aggadot). After The Bible, the Talmud is the most important Jewish text.
Jewish History is contained in thousands of books. A short list is: The Torah The Prophets The Writings The Mishna The Gemara
Gemara The second part of the collection of ancient rabbinic writings on Jewish law.
The Talmud (תַּלְמוּד "learning") is one of the main texts of Judaism, in the form of a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, philosophy, customs and history. The Talmud the oral Jewish tradition, written down in book form. It is commentary on the Torah (and in fact, commentary on itself). It was written by many rabbis. The first part, called the Mishnah, was written around 220 CE and the second part, called the Gemara, was written around 500 CE.
Jewish law is called halacha, a word that means "the way." Halacha is based on the 613 commandments found in the Torah, as understood through the lens of commentaries that tradition considers to have been passed down from Moses at Mount Sinai. The commentaries were collected into the Mishnah and Gemara, which together make up the Talmud, and further elaborated on by rabbinic attempts to distill well organized law codes from this material, plus continuing discussions called the responsa literature that continues to this day.
The Taryag Mitzvot - a list of 613 laws or commandments (made up of 665 negative commandments that tell Jews what they should not do and 248 positive commandments telling Jews what they should do). A large number of these commandments cannot be observed today, following the destruction of the Temple, leaving 77 negative and 194 positive. 26 of these apply only in Israel and women - who are considered closer to G-d than are men in Judaism - are exempt from some, such as that to wear tefillin.In addition to the Mitzvot, there is the Talmud which comprises of two parts - the Mishnah, a written compendium of Jewish oral law, and the Gemara which is made up of discussions of the finer points of Mishnah.