Frost
so they can live
Dirt, grime and carbon particles
0.18millmeters
------------------------------------------------------------ or the Piston Rings are bad... if it uses allot of oil.
One sixteenth of an inch
They have a thick waxy coating protecting the pine needles
Yes, some regions of the world, such as Hawaii and Iceland, have volcanic flows that can be thousands of feet thick. These regions are characterized by high volcanic activity due to the movement of tectonic plates or hot spots in the Earth's mantle. The accumulation of successive lava flows over time can result in thick layers of volcanic rock in these areas.
To protect potatoes from frost, you can cover them with a thick layer of mulch or straw to insulate them from the cold. Additionally, you can plant potatoes in raised beds to improve drainage and reduce the risk of frost damage.
A hypothesis could be that the thick waxy coating on a pine needle helps reduce water loss through transpiration by providing a barrier against evaporation. This coating may also serve as protection against pathogens, herbivores, and environmental stresses such as UV radiation.
Volcanic eruptions.
By thick control.
The surface of Callisto is heavily cratered and extremely old. It does not show any sign of volcanic activity.