Sam bought a stereo for a total of 676.24 including state sales tax of 7 percent What was the total amount of sales tax on the stere?

Do you have to pay sales tax on sales tax?

Normally, you only pay sales tax on the retail price of an item as calculated after most discounts (but not all) have been applied. In many states, this is calculated before shipping and sometimes labor charges are added to the invoice. There are a few rare cases where sales tax could be applied on top of another tax similar to a sales tax, such as with the excise tax in Hawaii or the GST tax in VAT tax being applied after the GST tax in Quebec and Prince Edward Island, Canada. I suppose other instances of sales tax on top of sales tax could happen if you, for instance, purchased a car stereo, paid sales tax on it, and then paid a taxable labor charge that was based on the price of the stereo to have it installed. This scenario is not common however.

Can you claim gas and mileage for driving to college on your tax return?

Again, like all things tax, the answer is frequently situational and depends on many things.Any education for work related reasons, and that includes an entire degree program, may be tax deductible under many circumstances. The main one being that it does not qualify you for a NEW occupation.If your situation allows your college program to be tax deductible (there are limits of about $5100 a year, as well as other considerations), your costs of travel for that education (as any business expense would be) are deducible under the standard business expense guidelines.Standard mileage rate. Generally, if you claim a business deduction for work-related education and you drive your car to and from school, the amount you can deduct for miles driven during 2009 is 55 cents per mile. This is down from 58Ã�Â½ cents per mile at the end of 2008. For more information, see Transportation Expenses under What Expenses Can Be Deducted.Limit on itemized deductions. If your adjusted gross income for 2009 is more than $166,800 ($83,400 if you are married filing separately), your itemized deductions may be limited. See Employees under Deducting Business Expenses, and the instructions for Schedule A (Form 1040), line 29, or Schedule A (Form 1040NR), line 17. IntroductionThis chapter discusses work-related education expenses that you may be able to deduct as business expenses.To claim such a deduction, you must: Be working, Itemize your deductions on Schedule A (Form 1040 or 1040NR) if you are an employee, File Schedule C (Form 1040), Schedule C-EZ (Form 1040), or Schedule F (Form 1040) if you are self-employed, and Have expenses for education that meet the requirements discussed under Qualifying Work-Related Education (beginning on this page).What is the tax benefit of taking a business deduction for work-related education. If you are an employee and can itemize your deductions, you may be able to claim a deduction for the expenses you pay for your work-related education. Your deduction will be the amount by which your qualifying work-related education expenses plus other job and certain miscellaneous expenses is greater than 2% of your adjusted gross income. An itemized deduction reduces the amount of your income subject to tax.If you are self-employed, you deduct your expenses for qualifying work-related education directly from your self-employment income. This reduces the amount of your income subject to both income tax and self-employment tax.Your work-related education expenses may also qualify you for other tax benefits, such as the tuition and fees deduction and the American opportunity, Hope, and lifetime learning credits. You may qualify for these other benefits even if you do not meet the requirements listed above.Also, keep in mind that your work-related education expenses may qualify you to claim more than one tax benefit. Generally, you may claim any number of benefits as long as you use different expenses to figure each one.Qualifying Work-Related EducationYou can deduct the costs of qualifying work-related education as business expenses. This is education that meets at least one of the following two tests. The education is required by your employer or the law to keep your present salary, status, or job. The required education must serve a bona fide business purpose of your employer. The education maintains or improves skills needed in your present work.However, even if the education meets one or both of the above tests, it is not qualifying work-related education if it: Is needed to meet the minimum educational requirements of your present trade or business, or Is part of a program of study that will qualify you for a new trade or business.You can deduct the costs of qualifying work-related education as a business expense even if the education could lead to a degree.Use Figure 13-1 (see next page) as a quick check to see if your education qualifies. Education Required by Employer or by LawOnce you have met the minimum educational requirements for your job, your employer or the law may require you to get more education. This additional education is qualifying work-related education if all three of the following requirements are met. It is required for you to keep your present salary, status, or job, The requirement serves a business purpose of your employer, and The education is not part of a program that will qualify you for a new trade or business.When you get more education than your employer or the law requires, the additional education can be qualifying work-related education only if it maintains or improves skills required in your present work. See Education To Maintain or Improve Skills , later.Example.You are a teacher who has satisfied the minimum requirements for teaching. Your employer requires you to take an additional college course each year to keep your teaching job. If the courses will not qualify you for a new trade or business, they are qualifying work-related education even if you eventually receive a master's degree and an increase in salary because of this extra education.This image is too large to be displayed in the current screen. Please click the link to view the image.Figure 13-1Education To Maintain or Improve SkillsIf your education is not required by your employer or the law, it can be qualifying work-related education only if it maintains or improves skills needed in your present work. This could include refresher courses, courses on current developments, and academic or vocational courses.Example.You repair televisions, radios, and stereo systems for XYZ Store. To keep up with the latest changes, you take special courses in radio and stereo service. These courses maintain and improve skills required in your work.Maintaining skills vs. qualifying for new job. Education to maintain or improve skills needed in your present work is not qualifying education if it will also qualify you for a new trade or business.Education during temporary absence. If you stop working for a year or less in order to get education to maintain or improve skills needed in your present work and then return to the same general type of work, your absence is considered temporary. Education that you get during a temporary absence is qualifying work-related education if it maintains or improves skills needed in your present work.Example.You quit your biology research job to become a full-time biology graduate student for 1 year. If you return to work in biology research after completing the courses, the education is related to your present work even if you do not go back to work with the same employer.Education during indefinite absence. If you stop work for more than a year, your absence from your job is considered indefinite. Education during an indefinite absence, even if it maintains or improves skills needed in the work from which you are absent, is considered to qualify you for a new trade or business. Therefore, it is not qualifying work-related education.Education To Meet Minimum RequirementsEducation you need to meet the minimum educational requirements for your present trade or business is not qualifying work-related education. The minimum educational requirements are determined by: Laws and regulations, Standards of your profession, trade, or business, and Your employer.Once you have met the minimum educational requirements that were in effect when you were hired, you do not have to meet any new minimum educational requirements. This means that if the minimum requirements change after you were hired, any education you need to meet the new requirements can be qualifying education.See this publication, link provided, for more info.http://www.irs.gov/publications/p970/ch13.html

How to Choose Computer Speakers?

Before plunking down money to purchase computer speakers for your desktop or laptop computer, spend a little time determining the potential uses for your speakers. Questions to ask yourself include: • Am I going to need computer speakers to listen to music or watch DVD movies? • Do the games that I play via computer require a certain level of sound? • Will I be completing computer based training that requires me to listen to sound? After deciding how you will use your computer speakers, the next thing is to consider is your budget. Are speakers a necessity for you or a luxury? If you use a laptop computer, it should come with built-in speakers, but a desktop computer requires a component set of speakers. Will I need low- end or high-end speakers? Will I need a subwoofer? Stick to your budget, so that you won’t spend in excess of your plans, once you reach the computer store. However, don’t cheap out. The cheapest set of generic speakers never turn out to be a good deal. How much space do you have for the speakers? Will the speakers be competing for desktop space with more essential items? Are the speakers going to be utilitarian or do they need to match your personality, style and décor? In addition to the standard wired speakers that have been around for years, they also now make wireless speakers. If you think you want wireless speakers, be sure to ask whether or not the set comes with a wireless remote as well. A professional musician probably hears things differently than a professional accountant, and each will define his sound quality preferences differently. For some, choosing speakers for a computer is like choosing speakers for a sound-system, because computer speakers are now made with the same quality and by the same manufacturers as stereo speakers. This article presents just a few simple things to consider when buying computer speakers – the rest is up to you.

Write an essay of around 2000 words on 'Evolution of management accounting discipline and its relationship with other functions in organizations'.?

Early telecommunicationsA replica of one of Chappe's semaphore towers In the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could only pass a single bit of information, so the meaning of the message such as "the enemy has been sighted" had to be agreed upon in advance. One notable instance of their use was during the Spanish Armada, when a beacon chain relayed a signal from Plymouth to London signalling the arrival of Spanish ships.[1]In 1792, Claude Chappe, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual telegraphy system (or semaphore line) between Lille and Paris.[2] However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres (six to nineteen miles). As a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880.[3][edit] Telegraph and telephoneThe first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed by Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke and opened on 9 April 1839. Both Wheatstone and Cooke viewed their device as "an improvement to the [existing] electromagnetic telegraph" not as a new device.[4] Samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on 2 September 1837. His code was an important advance over Wheatstone's signaling method. The first transatlantic telegraph cable was successfully completed on 27 July 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time.[5]The conventional telephone was invented independently by Alexander Bell and Elisha Gray in 1876.[6] Antonio Meucci invented the first device that allowed the electrical transmission of voice over a line in 1849. However Meucci's device was of little practical value because it relied upon the electrophonic effect and thus required users to place the receiver in their mouth to "hear" what was being said.[7] The first commercial telephone services were set-up in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and London.[8][9][edit] Radio and televisionIn 1832, James Lindsay gave a classroom demonstration of wireless telegraphy to his students. By 1854, he was able to demonstrate a transmission across the Firth of Tay from Dundee, Scotland to Woodhaven, a distance of two miles (3 km), using water as the transmission medium.[10] In December 1901, Guglielmo Marconi established wireless communication between St. John's, Newfoundland (Canada) and Poldhu, Cornwall (England), earning him the 1909 Nobel Prize in physics (which he shared with Karl Braun).[11] However small-scale radio communication had already been demonstrated in 1893 by Nikola Tesla in a presentation to the National Electric Light Association.[12] On 25 March 1925, John Logie Baird was able to demonstrate the transmission of moving pictures at the London department store Selfridges. Baird's device relied upon the Nipkow disk and thus became known as the mechanical television. It formed the basis of experimental broadcasts done by the British Broadcasting Corporation beginning 30 September 1929.[13] However, for most of the twentieth century televisions depended upon the cathode ray tube invented by Karl Braun. The first version of such a television to show promise was produced by Philo Farnsworth and demonstrated to his family on 7 September 1927.[14][edit] Computer networks and the InternetOn 11 September 1940, George Stibitz was able to transmit problems using teletype to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and receive the computed results back at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.[15] This configuration of a centralized computer or mainframe with remote dumb terminals remained popular throughout the 1950s. However, it was not until the 1960s that researchers started to investigate packet switching - a technology that would allow chunks of data to be sent to different computers without first passing through a centralized mainframe. A four-node network emerged on 5 December 1969; this network would become ARPANET, which by 1981 would consist of 213 nodes.[16] ARPANET's development centred around the Request for Comment process and on 7 April 1969, RFC 1 was published. This process is important because ARPANET would eventually merge with other networks to form the Internet and many of the protocols the Internet relies upon today were specified through the Request for Comment process. In September 1981, RFC 791 introduced the Internet Protocol v4 (IPv4) and RFC 793 introduced the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) - thus creating the TCP/IP protocol that much of the Internet relies upon today.However, not all important developments were made through the Request for Comment process. Two popular link protocols for local area networks (LANs) also appeared in the 1970s. A patent for the token ring protocol was filed by Olof Soderblom on 29 October 1974 and a paper on the Ethernet protocol was published by Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs in the July 1976 issue of Communications of the ACM.[17][18][edit] Key conceptsEtymology The word telecommunication was adapted from the French word télécommunication. It is a compound of the Greek prefix tele- (τηλε-), meaning 'far off', and the Latin communicare, meaning 'to share'.[19] The French word télécommunication was coined in 1904 by French engineer and novelist Édouard Estaunié.[20] A number of key concepts reoccur throughout the literature on modern telecommunication systems. Some of these concepts are discussed below.[edit] Basic elementsA basic telecommunication system consists of three elements: a transmitter that takes information and converts it to a signal;a transmission medium that carries the signal; and,a receiver that receives the signal and converts it back into usable information.For example, in a radio broadcast the broadcast tower is the transmitter, free space is the transmission medium and the radio is the receiver. Often telecommunication systems are two-way with a single device acting as both a transmitter and receiver or transceiver. For example, a mobile phone is a transceiver.[21]Telecommunication over a telephone line is called point-to-point communication because it is between one transmitter and one receiver. Telecommunication through radio broadcasts is called broadcast communication because it is between one powerful transmitter and numerous receivers.[21][edit] Analogue or digitalSignals can be either analogue or digital. In an analogue signal, the signal is varied continuously with respect to the information. In a digital signal, the information is encoded as a set of discrete values (for example ones and zeros). During transmission the information contained in analogue signals will be degraded by noise. Conversely, unless the noise exceeds a certain threshold, the information contained in digital signals will remain intact. Noise resistance represents a key advantage of digital signals over analogue signals.[22] [edit] NetworksA network is a collection of transmitters, receivers and transceivers that communicate with each other. Digital networks consist of one or more routers that work together to transmit information to the correct user. An analogue network consists of one or more switches that establish a connection between two or more users. For both types of network, repeaters may be necessary to amplify or recreate the signal when it is being transmitted over long distances. This is to combat attenuation that can render the signal indistinguishable from noise.[23] [edit] ChannelsA channel is a division in a transmission medium so that it can be used to send multiple streams of information. For example, a radio station may broadcast at 96.1 MHz while another radio station may broadcast at 94.5 MHz. In this case, the medium has been divided by frequency and each channel has received a separate frequency to broadcast on. Alternatively, one could allocate each channel a recurring segment of time over which to broadcast-this is known as time-division multiplexing and is sometimes used in digital communication.[23] [edit] ModulationThe shaping of a signal to convey information is known as modulation. Modulation can be used to represent a digital message as an analogue waveform. This is known as keying and several keying techniques exist (these include phase-shift keying, frequency-shift keying and amplitude-shift keying). Bluetooth, for example, uses phase-shift keying to exchange information between devices.[24][25] Modulation can also be used to transmit the information of analogue signals at higher frequencies. This is helpful because low-frequency analogue signals cannot be effectively transmitted over free space. Hence the information from a low-frequency analogue signal must be superimposed on a higher-frequency signal (known as the carrier wave) before transmission. There are several different modulation schemes available to achieve this (two of the most basic being amplitude modulation and frequency modulation). An example of this process is a DJ's voice being superimposed on a 96 MHz carrier wave using frequency modulation (the voice would then be received on a radio as the channel "96 FM").[26][edit] Society and telecommunicationTelecommunication has a significant social, cultural and economic impact on modern society. In 2006, estimates placed the telecommunication industry's revenue at $1.2 trillion (USD) or just under 3% of the gross world product (official exchange rate).[27] [edit] Economic impact[edit] MicroeconomicsOn the microeconomic scale, companies have used telecommunication to help build global empires. This is self-evident in the case of online retailer Amazon.com but, according to academic Edward Lenert, even the conventional retailer Wal-Mart has benefited from better telecommunication infrastructure compared to its competitors.[28] In cities throughout the world, home owners use their telephones to organize many home services ranging from pizza deliveries to electricians. Even relatively poor communities have been noted to use telecommunication to their advantage. In Bangladesh's Narshingdi district, isolated villagers use cell phones to speak directly to wholesalers and arrange a better price for their goods. In Cote d'Ivoire, coffee growers share mobile phones to follow hourly variations in coffee prices and sell at the best price.[29][edit] MacroeconomicsOn the macroeconomic scale, Lars-Hendrik Röller and Leonard Waverman suggested a causal link between good telecommunication infrastructure and economic growth.[30] Few dispute the existence of a correlation although some argue it is wrong to view the relationship as causal.[31]Because of the economic benefits of good telecommunication infrastructure, there is increasing worry about the inequitable access to telecommunication services amongst various countries of the world-this is known as the digital divide. A 2003 survey by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) revealed that roughly one-third of countries have less than 1 mobile subscription for every 20 people and one-third of countries have less than 1 fixed line subscription for every 20 people. In terms of Internet access, roughly half of all countries have less than 1 in 20 people with Internet access. From this information, as well as educational data, the ITU was able to compile an index that measures the overall ability of citizens to access and use information and communication technologies.[32] Using this measure, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland received the highest ranking while the African countries Niger, Burkina Faso and Mali received the lowest.[33][edit] Social impactTelecommunication is playing an increasingly important role in social relationships. In recent years, the popularity of social networking sites has increased dramatically. These sites allow users to communicate with each other as well as post photographs, events and profiles for others to see. The profiles can list a person's age, interests, sexuality and relationship status. In this way, these sites can play important role in everything from organising social engagements to courtship.[34] Prior to social networking sites, technologies like SMS and the telephone also had a significant impact on social interactions. In 2000, market research group Ipsos MORI reported that 81% of 15 to 24 year-old SMS users in the United Kingdom had used the service to coordinate social arrangements and 42% to flirt.[35][edit] Other impactsIn cultural terms, telecommunication has increased the public's ability to access to music and film. With television, people can watch films they have not seen before in their own home without having to travel to the video store or cinema. With radio and the internet, people can listen to music they have not heard before without having to travel to the music store. Telecommunication has also transformed the way people receive their news. A survey by the non-profit Pew Internet and American Life Project found that when just over 3,000 people living in the United States were asked where they got their news "yesterday", more people said television or radio than newspapers. The results are summarised in the following table (the percentages add up to more than 100% because people were able to specify more than one source).[36]Local TVNational TVRadioLocal paperInternetNational paper59% 47% 44% 38% 23% 12%Telecommunication has had an equally significant impact on advertising. TNS Media Intelligence reported that in 2007, 58% of advertising expenditure in the United States was spent on mediums that depend upon telecommunication.[37] The results are summarised in the following table.InternetRadioCable TVSyndicated TVSpot TVNetwork TVNewspaperMagazineOutdoorTotalPercent7.6% 7.2% 12.1% 2.8% 11.3% 17.1% 18.9% 20.4% 2.7% 100%Dollars$11.31 billion $10.69 billion $18.02 billion $4.17 billion $16.82 billion $25.42 billion $28.22 billion $30.33 billion $4.02 billion $149 billion[edit] Modern operation[edit] TelephoneOptical fiber provides cheaper bandwidth for long distance communication In an analogue telephone network, the caller is connected to the person he wants to talk to by switches at various telephone exchanges. The switches form an electrical connection between the two users and the setting of these switches is determined electronically when the caller dials the number. Once the connection is made, the caller's voice is transformed to an electrical signal using a small microphone in the caller's handset. This electrical signal is then sent through the network to the user at the other end where it is transformed back into sound by a small speaker in that person's handset. There is a separate electrical connection that works in reverse, allowing the users to converse.[38][39]The fixed-line telephones in most residential homes are analogue - that is, the speaker's voice directly determines the signal's voltage. Although short-distance calls may be handled from end-to-end as analogue signals, increasingly telephone service providers are transparently converting the signals to digital for transmission before converting them back to analogue for reception. The advantage of this is that digitized voice data can travel side-by-side with data from the Internet and can be perfectly reproduced in long distance communication (as opposed to analogue signals that are inevitably impacted by noise).Mobile phones have had a significant impact on telephone networks. Mobile phone subscriptions now outnumber fixed-line subscriptions in many markets. Sales of mobile phones in 2005 totalled 816.6 million with that figure being almost equally shared amongst the markets of Asia/Pacific (204 m), Western Europe (164 m), CEMEA (Central Europe, the Middle East and Africa) (153.5 m), North America (148 m) and Latin America (102 m).[40] In terms of new subscriptions over the five years from 1999, Africa has outpaced other markets with 58.2% growth.[41] Increasingly these phones are being serviced by systems where the voice content is transmitted digitally such as GSM or W-CDMA with many markets choosing to depreciate analogue systems such as AMPS.[42]There have also been dramatic changes in telephone communication behind the scenes. Starting with the operation of TAT-8 in 1988, the 1990s saw the widespread adoption of systems based on optic fibres. The benefit of communicating with optic fibres is that they offer a drastic increase in data capacity. TAT-8 itself was able to carry 10 times as many telephone calls as the last copper cable laid at that time and today's optic fibre cables are able to carry 25 times as many telephone calls as TAT-8.[43] This increase in data capacity is due to several factors: First, optic fibres are physically much smaller than competing technologies. Second, they do not suffer from crosstalk which means several hundred of them can be easily bundled together in a single cable.[44] Lastly, improvements in multiplexing have led to an exponential growth in the data capacity of a single fibre.[45][46]Assisting communication across many modern optic fibre networks is a protocol known as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). The ATM protocol allows for the side-by-side data transmission mentioned in the second paragraph. It is suitable for public telephone networks because it establishes a pathway for data through the network and associates a traffic contract with that pathway. The traffic contract is essentially an agreement between the client and the network about how the network is to handle the data; if the network cannot meet the conditions of the traffic contract it does not accept the connection. This is important because telephone calls can negotiate a contract so as to guarantee themselves a constant bit rate, something that will ensure a caller's voice is not delayed in parts or cut-off completely.[47] There are competitors to ATM, such as Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), that perform a similar task and are expected to supplant ATM in the future.[48][edit] Radio and televisionDigital television standards and their adoption worldwide. In a broadcast system, a central high-powered broadcast tower transmits a high-frequency electromagnetic wave to numerous low-powered receivers. The high-frequency wave sent by the tower is modulated with a signal containing visual or audio information. The antenna of the receiver is then tuned so as to pick up the high-frequency wave and a demodulator is used to retrieve the signal containing the visual or audio information. The broadcast signal can be either analogue (signal is varied continuously with respect to the information) or digital (information is encoded as a set of discrete values).[49][50]The broadcast media industry is at a critical turning point in its development, with many countries moving from analogue to digital broadcasts. This move is made possible by the production of cheaper, faster and more capable integrated circuits. The chief advantage of digital broadcasts is that they prevent a number of complaints with traditional analogue broadcasts. For television, this includes the elimination of problems such as snowy pictures, ghosting and other distortion. These occur because of the nature of analogue transmission, which means that perturbations due to noise will be evident in the final output. Digital transmission overcomes this problem because digital signals are reduced to discrete values upon reception and hence small perturbations do not affect the final output. In a simplified example, if a binary message 1011 was transmitted with signal amplitudes [1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0] and received with signal amplitudes [0.9 0.2 1.1 0.9] it would still decode to the binary message 1011 - a perfect reproduction of what was sent. From this example, a problem with digital transmissions can also be seen in that if the noise is great enough it can significantly alter the decoded message. Using forward error correction a receiver can correct a handful of bit errors in the resulting message but too much noise will lead to incomprehensible output and hence a breakdown of the transmission.[51][52]In digital television broadcasting, there are three competing standards that are likely to be adopted worldwide. These are the ATSC, DVB and ISDB standards; the adoption of these standards thus far is presented in the captioned map. All three standards use MPEG-2 for video compression. ATSC uses Dolby Digital AC-3 for audio compression, ISDB uses Advanced Audio Coding (MPEG-2 Part 7) and DVB has no standard for audio compression but typically uses MPEG-1 Part 3 Layer 2.[53][54] The choice of modulation also varies between the schemes. In digital audio broadcasting, standards are much more unified with practically all countries choosing to adopt the Digital Audio Broadcasting standard (also known as the Eureka 147 standard). The exception being the United States which has chosen to adopt HD Radio. HD Radio, unlike Eureka 147, is based upon a transmission method known as in-band on-channel transmission that allows digital information to "piggyback" on normal AM or FM analogue transmissions.[55]However, despite the pending switch to digital, analogue television remains transmitted in most countries. An exception is the United States that ended analogue television transmission on the 12th of June 2009[56] after twice delaying the switch over deadline. For analogue television, there are three standards in use (see a map on adoption here). These are known as PAL, NTSC and SECAM. For analogue radio, the switch to digital is made more difficult by the fact that analogue receivers are a fraction of the cost of digital receivers.[57][58] The choice of modulation for analogue radio is typically between amplitude modulation (AM) or frequency modulation (FM). To achieve stereo playback, an amplitude modulated subcarrier is used for stereo FM.[edit] The InternetThe OSI reference model The Internet is a worldwide network of computers and computer networks that can communicate with each other using the Internet Protocol.[59] Any computer on the Internet has a unique IP address that can be used by other computers to route information to it. Hence, any computer on the Internet can send a message to any other computer using its IP address. These messages carry with them the originating computer's IP address allowing for two-way communication. In this way, the Internet can be seen as an exchange of messages between computers.[60]As of 2008[update], an estimated 21.9% of the world population has access to the Internet with the highest access rates (measured as a percentage of the population) in North America (73.6%), Oceania/Australia (59.5%) and Europe (48.1%).[61] In terms of broadband access, Iceland (26.7%), South Korea (25.4%) and the Netherlands (25.3%) led the world.[62]The Internet works in part because of protocols that govern how the computers and routers communicate with each other. The nature of computer network communication lends itself to a layered approach where individual protocols in the protocol stack run more-or-less independently of other protocols. This allows lower-level protocols to be customized for the network situation while not changing the way higher-level protocols operate. A practical example of why this is important is because it allows an Internet browser to run the same code regardless of whether the computer it is running on is connected to the Internet through an Ethernet or Wi-Fi connection. Protocols are often talked about in terms of their place in the OSI reference model (pictured on the right), which emerged in 1983 as the first step in an unsuccessful attempt to build a universally adopted networking protocol suite.[63]For the Internet, the physical medium and data link protocol can vary several times as packets traverse the globe. This is because the Internet places no constraints on what physical medium or data link protocol is used. This leads to the adoption of media and protocols that best suit the local network situation. In practice, most intercontinental communication will use the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol (or a modern equivalent) on top of optic fibre. This is because for most intercontinental communication the Internet shares the same infrastructure as the public switched telephone network.At the network layer, things become standardized with the Internet Protocol (IP) being adopted for logical addressing. For the world wide web, these "IP addresses" are derived from the human readable form using the Domain Name System (e.g. 72.14.207.99 is derived from www.Google.com). At the moment, the most widely used version of the Internet Protocol is version four but a move to version six is imminent.[64]At the transport layer, most communication adopts either the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP is used when it is essential every message sent is received by the other computer where as UDP is used when it is merely desirable. With TCP, packets are retransmitted if they are lost and placed in order before they are presented to higher layers. With UDP, packets are not ordered or retransmitted if lost. Both TCP and UDP packets carry port numbers with them to specify what application or process the packet should be handled by.[65] Because certain application-level protocols use certain ports, network administrators can restrict Internet access by blocking the traffic destined for a particular port.Above the transport layer, there are certain protocols that are sometimes used and loosely fit in the session and presentation layers, most notably the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols. These protocols ensure that the data transferred between two parties remains completely confidential and one or the other is in use when a padlock appears in the address bar of your web browser.[66] Finally, at the application layer, are many of the protocols Internet users would be familiar with such as HTTP (web browsing), POP3 (e-mail), FTP (file transfer), IRC (Internet chat), BitTorrent (file sharing) and OSCAR (instant messaging).[edit] Local area networksDespite the growth of the Internet, the characteristics of local area networks (computer networks that run at most a few kilometres) remain distinct. This is because networks on this scale do not require all the features associated with larger networks and are often more cost-effective and efficient without them. In the mid-1980s, several protocol suites emerged to fill the gap between the data link and applications layer of the OSI reference model. These were Appletalk, IPX and NetBIOS with the dominant protocol suite during the early 1990s being IPX due to its popularity with MS-DOS users. TCP/IP existed at this point but was typically only used by large government and research facilities.[67] As the Internet grew in popularity and a larger percentage of traffic became Internet-related, local area networks gradually moved towards TCP/IP and today networks mostly dedicated to TCP/IP traffic are common. The move to TCP/IP was helped by technologies such as DHCP that allowed TCP/IP clients to discover their own network address - a functionality that came standard with the AppleTalk/IPX/NetBIOS protocol suites.[68]It is at the data link layer though that most modern local area networks diverge from the Internet. Whereas Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) are typical data link protocols for larger networks, Ethernet and Token Ring are typical data link protocols for local area networks. These protocols differ from the former protocols in that they are simpler (e.g. they omit features such as Quality of Service guarantees) and offer collision prevention. Both of these differences allow for more economic set-ups.[69]Despite the modest popularity of Token Ring in the 80's and 90's, virtually all local area networks now use wired or wireless Ethernet. At the physical layer, most wired Ethernet implementations use copper twisted-pair cables (including the common 10BASE-T networks). However, some early implementations used coaxial cables and some recent implementations (especially high-speed ones) use optic fibres.[70] Where optic fibre is used, the distinction must be made between multi-mode fibre and single-mode fibre. Multi-mode fibre can be thought of as thicker optical fibre that is cheaper to manufacture but that suffers from less usable bandwidth and greater attenuation (i.e. poor long-distance performance).[71][edit] Telecommunication by region[show] v • d • e Telecommunications in EuropeSovereignstatesAlbania · Andorra · Armenia1 · Austria · Azerbaijan2 · Belarus · Belgium ·Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia ·Cyprus1 · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Georgia2 · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy · Kazakhstan3 · Latvia ·Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg ·Republic of Macedonia · Malta · Moldova ·Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia3 · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia ·Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey3 · Ukraine · United Kingdom (England • Northern Ireland • Scotland • Wales)Other entitiesEuropean Union · Sovereign Military Order of MaltaDependencies,autonomies,other territoriesAbkhazia 2 · Adjara1 · Adygea ·Akrotiri and Dhekelia · Åland · Azores ·Bashkortostan · Catalonia · Chechnya ·Chuvashia · Crimea · Dagestan · Faroe Islands · Gagauzia · Gibraltar · Guernsey ·Ingushetia · Jan Mayen · Jersey ·Kabardino-Balkaria · Kalmykia · Karachay-Cherkessia · Republic of Karelia · Komi Republic ·Kosovo · Madeira · Isle of Man · Mari El · Mordovia · Nagorno-Karabakh1 ·Nakhchivan1 · North Ossetia-Alania · Northern Cyprus1 · South Ossetia 2 · Svalbard · Tatarstan · Transnistria · Udmurtia · VojvodinaItalics indicates an unrecognised or partially recognised country. 1 Entirely in Asia, but historically considered European. 2 Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the border definitions. 3 Transcontinental country.[show] v • d • eTelecommunications in North AmericaSovereign statesAntigua and Barbuda · Bahamas · Barbados ·Belize · Canada · Costa Rica · Cuba ·Dominica · Dominican Republic · El Salvador ·Grenada · Guatemala · Haiti · Honduras · Jamaica · Mexico · Nicaragua ·Panama1 · Saint Kitts and Nevis · Saint Lucia · Saint Vincent and the Grenadines · Trinidad and Tobago1 · United StatesDependencies andother territoriesAnguilla · Aruba1 · Bermuda · British Virgin Islands · Cayman Islands · Greenland ·Guadeloupe · Martinique · Montserrat · Navassa Island · Netherlands Antilles1 · Puerto Rico ·Saint Barthélemy · Saint Martin · Saint Pierre and Miquelon · Turks and Caicos Islands · United States Virgin Islands1 Territories also in or commonly considered to be part of South America.[show] v • d • eTelecommunications in South AmericaSovereign statesArgentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Panama1 · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago1 · Uruguay · VenezuelaDependenciesAruba1 / Netherlands Antilles1 (Netherlands) · Falkland Islands / South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (UK) 2 / French Guiana (France)1 Territories also in or commonly considered to be part of North America and/or Central America. 2 Territories also in or commonly considered to be part of Antarctica.[show] v • d • eTelecommunications in OceaniaSovereign statesAustralia · East Timor1 · Fiji · Indonesia1 · Kiribati · Papua New Guinea · Marshall Islands · Federated States of Micronesia · Nauru · New Zealand · Palau · Samoa · Solomon Islands · Tonga · Tuvalu · VanuatuDependencies andother territoriesAmerican Samoa · Christmas Island · Cocos (Keeling) Islands · Cook Islands · French Polynesia · Guam · Hawaii · New Caledonia · Niue · Norfolk Island · Northern Mariana Islands ·Pitcairn Islands · Tokelau · Wallis and Futuna1 Transcontinental country.[show] v • d • eTelecommunications in AfricaSovereign statesAlgeria · Angola · Benin · Botswana · Burkina Faso · Burundi · Cameroon ·Cape Verde · Central African Republic · Chad ·Comoros · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Republic of the Congo · Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) · Djibouti · Egypt1 · Equatorial Guinea · Eritrea · Ethiopia · Gabon · The Gambia · Ghana · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Kenya ·Lesotho · Liberia · Libya · Madagascar · Malawi · Mali · Mauritania ·Mauritius · Morocco · Mozambique · Namibia · Niger · Nigeria · Rwanda · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Somalia · South Africa · Sudan · Swaziland · Tanzania · Togo · Tunisia · Uganda · Zambia · ZimbabweDependencies,autonomies,other territoriesCanary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) · Madeira (Portugal) · Mayotte / Réunion (France) ·Puntland · St. Helena (UK) · Socotra (Yemen) · Somaliland · Southern Sudan ·Western Sahara · Zanzibar (Tanzania)Italics indicate an unrecognised or partially recognised country. 1 Transcontinental country.[show] v • d • eTelecommunications in AsiaSovereignstatesAfghanistan · Armenia1 · Azerbaijan1 ·Bahrain · Bangladesh · Bhutan · Brunei · Burma2 · Cambodia · People's Republic of China · Cyprus1 · East Timor3 · Egypt4 · Georgia4 · India · Indonesia · Iran · Iraq · Israel · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan4 · North Korea · South Korea · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Lebanon · Malaysia · Maldives · Mongolia ·Nepal · Oman · Pakistan · Philippines ·Qatar · Russia4 · Saudi Arabia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Syria · Tajikistan ·Republic of China5 · Thailand · Turkey4 ·Turkmenistan · United Arab Emirates · Uzbekistan · Vietnam · YemenDependencies,autonomies,other territoriesAceh · Adjara1 · Abkhazia1 ·Akrotiri and Dhekelia · Altai · British Indian Ocean Territory · Buryatia · Christmas Island ·Cocos (Keeling) Islands · Guangxi · Hong Kong · Inner Mongolia · Iraqi Kurdistan · Jakarta · Khakassia · Macau · Nagorno-Karabakh· Nakhchivan · Ningxia · Northern Cyprus · Palestine (Gaza Strip · West Bank) · Papua · Sakha · South Ossetia1 · Tibet · Tuva · West Papua · Xinjiang · YogyakartaItalics indicates an unrecognised or partially recognised country. 1 Sometimes included in Europe, depending on the border definitions. 2 Officially known as Myanmar. 3 Sometimes included in Oceania, and also known as Timor-Leste. 4 Transcontinental country. 5 Commonly known as Taiwan.[show] v • d • eTelecommunications in the CaribbeanAnguilla · Antigua and Barbuda · Aruba ·Bahamas · Barbados · British Virgin Islands ·Cayman Islands · Cuba · Dominica · Dominican Republic · Grenada · Guadeloupe · Haiti · Jamaica · Martinique · Montserrat ·Netherlands Antilles · Puerto Rico · St. Barthélemy · St. Kitts and Nevis · St. Lucia · St. Martin · St. Vincent and the Grenadines · Trinidad and Tobago · Turks and Caicos Islands · U.S. Virgin IslandsBelize • Bermuda · Colombia · Costa Rica • French Guiana • Guatemala • Guyana • Honduras • Mexico • Nicaragua • Panama • Suriname · Venezuela ·[edit] See alsoTelecommunication portalOutline of telecommunication[edit] References^ David Ross, The Spanish Armada, Britain Express, October 2007.^ Les Télégraphes Chappe, Cédrick Chatenet, l'Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2003.^ CCIT/ITU-T 50 Years of Excellence, International Telecommunication Union, 2006.^ The Electromagnetic Telegraph, J. B. Calvert, 19 May 2004.^ The Atlantic Cable, Bern Dibner, Burndy Library Inc., 1959^ Elisha Gray, Oberlin College Archives, Electronic Oberlin Group, 2006.^ Antonio Santi Giuseppe Meucci, Eugenii Katz. (Retrieved May, 2006 from http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/meucci.HTML)^ Connected Earth: The telephone, BT, 2006.^ History of AT&T, AT&T, 2006.^ James Bowman Lindsay, Macdonald Black, Dundee City Council, 1999.^ Tesla Biography, Ljubo Vujovic, Tesla Memorial Society of New York, 1998.^ Tesla's Radio Controlled Boat, Twenty First Century Books, 2007.^ The Pioneers, MZTV Museum of Television, 2006.^ Philo Farnsworth, Neil Postman, TIME Magazine, 29 March 1999^ George Stlibetz, Kerry Redshaw, 1996.^ Hafner, Katie (1998). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet. Simon & Schuster. Special:Booksources.^ Data transmission system, Olof Solderblom, PN 4,293,948, October 1974.^ Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks, Robert M. Metcalfe and David R. Boggs, Communications of the ACM (pp 395-404, Vol. 19, No. 5), July 1976.^ Telecommunication, tele- and communication, New Oxford American Dictionary (2nd edition), 2005.^ Jean-Marie Dilhac, From tele-communicare to Telecommunications, 2004.^ a b Haykin, Simon (2001). Communication Systems (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. pp 1-3. Special:Booksources.^ Ambardar, Ashok (1999). Analog and Digital Signal Processing (2nd ed.). Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. pp. pp 1-2. Special:Booksources.^ a b ATIS Telecom Glossary 2000, ATIS Committee T1A1 Performance and Signal Processing (approved by the American National Standards Institute), 28 February 2001.^ Haykin, pp 344-403.^ Bluetooth Specification Version 2.0 + EDR (p 27), Bluetooth, 2004.^ Haykin, pp 88-126.^ Telecom Industry Revenue to Reach $1.2 Trillion in 2006, VoIP Magazine, 2005.^ Lenert, Edward (10.1111/j.1460-2466.1998.tb02767.x). "A Communication Theory Perspective on Telecommunications Policy". Journal of Communication 48 (4): 3-23. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1998.tb02767.x.^ Mireille Samaan (April 2003) (PDF). The Effect of Income Inequality on Mobile Phone Penetration. Boston University Honors thesis. http://dissertations.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=ashonors. Retrieved on 2007-06-08.^ Röller, Lars-Hendrik; Leonard Waverman (2001). "Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Development: A Simultaneous Approach". American Economic Review 91(4): 909-923. ISSN 0002-8282.^ Riaz, Ali (10.1177/016344397019004004). "The role of telecommunications in economic growth: proposal for an alternative framework of analysis". Media, Culture & Society19 (4): 557-583. doi:10.1177/016344397019004004.^ "Digital Access Index (DAI)". itu.int. http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/dai/. Retrieved on 2008-03-06.^ World Telecommunication Development Report 2003, International Telecommunication Union, 2003.^ "How do you know your love is real? Check Facebook". CNN. 2008-04-04. http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/personal/04/04/facebook.love/index.HTML.^ I Just Text To Say I Love You, Ipsos MORI, September 2005.^ "Online News: For many home broadband users, the internet is a primary news source". Pew Internet Project. 2006-03-22. http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_News.and.Broadband.pdf.^ "100 Leading National Advertisers" (PDF). Advertising Age. 2008-06-23. http://adage.com/images/random/datacenter/2008/spendtrends08.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-06-21. ^ How Telephone Works, HowStuffWorks.com, 2006.^ Telephone technology page, ePanorama, 2006.^ Gartner Says Top Six Vendors Drive Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales to 21% Growth in 2005, Gartner Group, 28 February 2006.^ Africa Calling, Victor and Irene Mbarika, IEEE Spectrum, May 2006.^ Ten Years of GSM in Australia, Australia Telecommunications Association, 2003.^ Milestones in AT&T History, AT&T Knowledge Ventures, 2006.^ Optical fibre waveguide, Saleem Bhatti, 1995.^ Fundamentals of DWDM Technology, CISCO Systems, 2006.^ Report: DWDM No Match for Sonet, Mary Jander, Light Reading, 2006.^ Stallings, William (2004). Data and Computer Communications (7th edition (intl) ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. pp 337-366. Special:Booksources.^ MPLS is the future, but ATM hangs on, John Dix, Network World, 2002^ Haykin, Simon (2001). Communication Systems(4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. pp 1-3. Special:Booksources.^ How Radio Works, HowStuffWorks.com, 2006.^ Digital Television in Australia, Digital Television News Australia, 2001.^ Stallings, William (2004). Data and Computer Communications (7th edition (intl) ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. Special:Booksources.^ HDV Technology Handbook, Sony, 2004.^ Audio, Digital Video Broadcasting Project, 2003.^ Status of DAB (USA), World DAB Forum, March 2005.^ Brian Stelter (June 13, 2009). "Changeover to Digital TV Off to a Smooth Start". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/14/business/media/14digital.HTML?_r=2&hp.^ GE 72664 Portable AM/FM Radio, Amazon.com, June 2006.^ DAB Products, World DAB Forum, 2006.^ Robert E. Kahn and Vinton G. Cerf, What Is The Internet (And What Makes It Work), December 1999. (specifically see footnote xv)^ How Internet Infrastructure Works, HowStuffWorks.com, 2007.^ World Internet Users and Population Stats, internetworldstats.com, 19 March 2007.^ OECD Broadband Statistics, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, December 2005.^ History of the OSI Reference Model, The TCP/IP Guide v3.0, Charles M. Kozierok, 2005.^ Introduction to IPv6, Microsoft Corporation, February 2006.^ Stallings, pp 683-702.^ T. Dierks and C. Allen, The TLS Protocol Version 1.0, RFC 2246, 1999.^ Martin, Michael (2000). Understanding the Network (The Networker's Guide to AppleTalk, IPX, and NetBIOS), SAMS Publishing, Special:Booksources.^ Ralph Droms, Resources for DHCP, November 2003.^ Stallings, pp 500-526.^ Stallings, pp 514-516.^ Fiber Optic Cable Tutorial, Arc Electronics. . Retrieved June, 2007.[edit] Further readingOECD, Universal Service and Rate Restructuring in Telecommunications, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Publishing, 1991. Special:Booksources[edit] External linksFind more about Telecommunication on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from WikibooksQuotations from WikiquoteSource texts from WikisourceImages and media from CommonsNews stories from WikinewsLearning resources from WikiversityATIS Telecom GlossaryCommunications Engineering TutorialsFederal Communications CommissionIEEE Communications SocietyInternational Telecommunication UnionEricsson's Understanding Telecommunications at archive.org (Ericsson removed the book from their site in Sep 2005)Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication"ViewsArticleDiscussionEdit this pageHistoryPersonal toolsLog in / create accountNavigationMain pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleSearchInteractionAbout WikipediaCommunity portalRecent changesContact WikipediaDonate to WikipediaHelpToolboxWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkCite this pageLanguagesالعربيةAragonésAsturianuবাংলাБеларускаяBosanskiBrezhonegБългарскиCatalàCebuanoČeskyDanskDeutschΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoفارسیFrançaisFurlanGaeilgeGalego한국어हिन्दीHrvatskiইমার ঠার/বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরীBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתქართულიKreyòl ayisyenLadinoລາວLëtzebuergeschLietuviųMagyarBahasa Melayuမြန်မာဘာသာNederlands日本語‪Norsk (bokmål)‬پښتوPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSimple EnglishسنڌيSlovenčinaСрпски / SrpskiSrpskohrvatski / СрпскохрватскиBasa SundaSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்ไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаTiếng Việtייִדיש中文This page was last modified on 4 July 2009 at 08:35.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; additional terms

What type of files is required to support Active Directory functions?

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.AWM Animation Works Movie .AWR Telsis Digital Audio File .AWS StatGraphics Data File .AXL ArcIMS XML Project File [XML] .AXR Telsis Digital Audio File .AXT ASCII Application Object Template Photoshop Replace Color/Color Range Top of Page .B1J BookJones .B1N 1st Reader Binary Screen Image .B1S BookSmith .B30 Ventura Publisher Printer Font .B3D 3D Builder File .B4 Helix Nuts and Bolts File (Helix Software now part of McAfee) .B64 Base 64 MIME-encoded File [MIME] .B8 Piclab Raw Graphic File .BAC Backup .BAD Rime Mailer Address File Oracle BAD File .BAK Backup .BAL Ballade Music Score .BAS BASIC Language Source Basic Module .BAT Batch Processing .BB Papyrus Database Backup .BBL TeX/BibTeX Bibliographic Reference File .BBM Deluxe Paint Image File .BBS Bulletin Board Sytem Text .BCH dBase Application Generator Batch Process Object Phoenix Software (Datalex) Entry Point 90 Data File .BCK Backup .BCM MS Works Communications Ffile .BCO Bitstream Fontware File .BCP Borland C++ Makefile .BCW Borland C++ 4.5 Environment Settings .BDB MS Works Dababase File .BDF West Point Bridge Designer File .BDF Egret Data File .BDR MS Publisher Border .BEZ Bitstream Fontware File .BF2 Bradford 2 Font .BFA Blowfish-encrypted File (Extension added to original) .BFC Briefcase File .BFM UNIX Font Metrics File .BFX BitFax Document .BG MS Backgammon for Windows Game .BGA OS/2 Graphic Array .BGI Borland Graphic Interface .BGL Flight Simulator Scenery File .BHF pcAnywhere Host File .BI Binary File .BIB Bibliography TeX/BibTeX Literature Database .BIF GroupWise Initialization File .BIG Chinese (old version) .BIK BioCharter Profile Backup File .BIN Binary File .BIO BioCharter Profile File OS/2 Bios File .BIT Bitmap Image .BK Backup JetFax Faxbook File .BK! Backup .BK$ Backup .BK1 Backup (Can be 1 to 9, usually with WordPerfect) .BKI Backup Index .BKP Backup .BKS Bookshelf Backup IBM BookManager Read Bookshelf MS Works Spreadsheet Backup .BKW FontEdit Fontset Mirror Image .BLB DreamWorks Resource Archive .BLD BASIC Bload Graphics .BLK WordPerfect Temp File Alias Wavefront Image .BLT Wordperfect for DOS File .BM Graphic (bitmap) .BM1 Apogee BioMenace Data File .BMF Image File .BMI Buzz Instrument .BMK Help Bookmark .BMP Windows OS/2 Bitmap Graphics [Viewer] .BMS Backup Magic Backup Set .BMW Buzz Music File with Waves .BMX Buzz Music File .BN AdLib Instrument Bank .BNK Adlib Instrument Bank SimCity Game File (reported to be) Bink Compressed Video/Audio File .BOO Image File Book Compressed Archive File .BOX Notes Mailbox .BPC Business Plan Toolkit Chart .BPL Delphi Library .BPS MS Works Document .BPT Bitmap Master File .BPX Truevision Targa Bitmap .BQY BrioQuery File .BR Bridge Script .BR3 Bryce 3D Scene File .BRC Bryce 2 Scene File .BRD EAGLE Board File .BRI Basic Rate Interface File .BRK Brooktrout Fax-Mail File .BRX Multimedia Browsing Index .BS_ MS Bookshelf Find Menu Shell Extension .BS1 Apogee Blake Stone Data File .BSA BSARC Compressed Archive .BSC Apple II Compressed Archive Boyan Script MS Developer Studio Browser File .BSK Bryce 4 File .BSP Quake Map .BSV BASIC Bsave Graphics .BTM 4DOS Batch To Memory Batch File .BTN ButtonWare File .BTR Btrieve Database File .BUD Quicken Backup .BUG Bug (Problem) File .BUN CakeWalk Audio Bundle File .BUP Backup .BUT Buttons! Button Definition .BUY Movie Data File .BV1 WordPerfect Overflow File (Can be 1 to 9) .BW SGI Black and White Image .BWB Visual Baler Spreadsheet File .BWR Kermit Beware Bug List .BWV Business Wave File .BYU Movie File .BZ Bzip UNIX Compressed File .BZ2 Bzip UNIX Compressed File (Replaces .BZ) Top of Page .C C Program File .C00 Ventura Print File .C01 Typhoon Wave File .C86 C86 C Program .C-- Sphinx C-- Source code .CA Telnet Server Initial Cache Data File .CA7 Beta 44 Job File .CAB Cabinet File (Microsoft installation archive) .CAC dBase IV Executable File .CAD Softdesk Drafix CAD File .CAG MS Clip Gallery Catalog File .CAL SuperCalc Worksheet Calendar File CALS compressed bitmap .CAM Casio Camera Graphic [Viewer] .CAN Navigator Fax .CAP Ventura Caption Telix Session Capture Compressed Music File .CAR AtHome Assistant File .CAS Comma-delimited ASCII File .CAT dBase Catalog Quicken IntelliCharge Categorization File .CB MS Clean Boot File .CBC CubiCalc Fuzzy Logic System File .CBI IBM Mainframe Column Binary Formatted File .CBL COBOL Program .CBM XLib Compiled Bitmap .CBT Computer Based Training .CC C++ Program File Visual dBASE Custom Class File .CCA CC:Mail File .CCB Visual Basic Animated Button Configuration .CCC Chat Curtain Call Native Bitmap Graphic .CCE Calendar Creator Plus Data File .CCF OS/2 Multimedia Viewer Configuration File Symphony Communications Configuration File .CCH Corel Chart .CCL Intalk Communication Command Language .CCM Lotus CC:Mail Mailbox .CCO CyberChat Data File .CCR Chat Room Shortcut .CCT Macromedia Director Shockwave Cast .CDA CD Audio Track .CDB Turbo C Database Clipboard File CardScan Database PowerDesigner Conceptual Model Backup File .CDC Chromeleon Driver Configuration Plugin .CDD Chromeleon Device Driver .CDF Comma Delimited Format Cyberspace Description Format MS Channel Definition Format .CDI Phillips Compact Disk Interactive Format .CDK Atari Calamus Document .CDM PowerDesigner Conceptual Model File Visual dBASE Custom Data Module .CDR Corel Vector Graphic Raw Audio-CD Data .CDT Corel Draw Template .CDX Compound Index Corel Draw Compressed Drawing MS Visual Foxpro Index Active Server Document .CE FarSide Computer Calendar File .CEG Continuous Edge Graphic Tempra Show Bitmap Graphic .CEL Autodesk Animator Graphic CIMFast Event Language File Kiss Paper Doll File .CER Certificate File .CEX The Currency Exchanger Rate File .CF Imake Configurtion File .CFB Comptons Multimedia File .CFG Configuration (various) .CFL Corel Flowchart File .CFM Corel FontMaster Cold Fusion Template File Visual dBASE Windows Customer Form .CFN Atari Calamus Font Data File .CFO TCU Turbo C Utilities C Form Object .CFP Complete Fax Portable Fax File .CGA Ventura CGA Screen Characters .CGI Common Gateway Interface Script .CGM Computer Graphics Metafile .CH Clipper Header OS/2 Configuration File .CH3 Harvard Chart (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .CH4 Charisma 4.0 Presentation .CHA Adobe Pagemaker Kerning Data .CHD FontChameleon Font Descriptor .CHF pcAnywhere Remote Control File .CHI Chiwriter Document .CHJ Help Composer Project .CHK CHKDSK/SCANDISK Output WordPerfect Temp File .CHL Chromeleon Channel Raw Data Configuration History Log .CHM Compiled HTML Help .CHN Ethnograph Data File .CHP Ventura Publisher Chapter .CHR Character or Font File .CHT Cheat Machine Data File ChartViewer dBase Interface File Harvard Graphics Vector File (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .CIF Ventura Chapter Information Easy CD Creator Image pcAnywhere Caller File Ventura Converted Image File Colombo Ipermedia File .CIL Clip Gallery Download Package .CIM Sim City 200 File .CIN OS/2 Change Control File .CIR SuperMax E-CAD Save-File Command .CIT Intergraph Scanned Image .CIX TCU Turbo C Utilities Database Index .CK1 iD/Apogee Commander Keen 1 Data File (.CK1 to .CK6) .CKB Borland C++ Keyboard Mapping File .CKP Ingres Checkpoint File .CL Generic LISP Source Code .CL3 Easy CD Creator Layout File .CL4 Easy CD Creator Layout File .CLA Java Class File (usually .CLASS but can be shortened) .CLG Disk Catalog Database .CLL Crick Software Clicker File .CLO Cloe Image .CLP Windows Clipboard/Picture [Viewer] Quattro Pro Clip Art Clipper 5 Compiler Script .CLR WinEdit Colorization Word List 1st Reader Binary Color Screen Image PhotStyler Color Defintion .CLS Visual Basic Class Module C++ Class Definition .CM Craftman Data File .CMA Applix TM1 Database File (text) .CMB Chromeleon Backup Archive .CMD OS/2, WinNT Command File DOS CP/M Command File dBase II Program File 1st Reader External Command Menu .CMF Creative Music File Corel Metafile .CMG Chessmaster Saved Game .CMK Card Shop Plus File .CML Cheat Machine Library File (Windows) PADGen Company Info File .CMP Leadview Bitmap Open Access File Address Document JPEG Bitmap CorelDRAW Postscript Printer Header Route 66 Address Document MS Word for DOS User Dictionary .CMR MediaPlayer Movie .CMU Carnegie Mellon Univeristy Stereo Raster Image .CMV Corel Move Animation .CMX Corel PhotoPaint Image Corel Presentation Exchange Image Apple Viewer File .CNF Configuration (various) SpeedDial .CNM Windows Application Menu Options and Setup File .CNQ Compuworks Design Shop File .CNT Help File Contents (and other contents needs) .CNV MS Word Data Conversion File WS_FTP Pro Upload Conversion File Data WordPerfect Temporary File .COB COBOL Program File Caligari Truespace Format TrueSpace2 Object .COD Code List Compiler Program Code .COD Multiplan Data File dBase Template Source File FORTRAN Compiled Code .COL Autodesk Color Palette Multiplan Spreadsheet Lotus Notes Import Column Description File .COM Command (Executable file) .CON Knowledgeware Consolidation File Simdir Configuration File .CP8 CP8 256 Gray Scale Image .CPD Fax Coversheet Corel PrintOffice File Complaints Desk Script .CPE Fax Coversheet .CPF Complete Fax File .CPH Corel Print House Image .CPI Code Page Information ColorLab Image .CPJ CeQuadrant CD Project .CPL Control Panel Extension Corel Color Palette Compel Presentation .CPO Corel Print House File .CPP C++ Program CA-Cricket Presents Presentation .CPR Corel Presents Presentation Knowledge Access Graphics .CPS Antivirus Checksum File Central Point PC Tools Backup Colored PostScript File .CPT Macintosh Compressed File Corel Photo-Paint Image [Viewer] dBase Encrypted Memo CA Cricket Presents Template .CPX Control Panel Applet CryptaPix Encrypted Image Corel Presentation Exchange Compressed Drawing .CPY Copy Books Data File .CPZ COMPOZ Music Text .CRD Cardfile (Windows 3.x Database) .CRF Zortech C++ Cross-Reference File .CRH MS Golf Image File .CRL Certificate Revocation List .CRP dBase Encrypted Database Visual dBASE Custom Report Corel Presents Run-Time Presentation .CRS WordPerfect 5.1 for Windows File Conversion Resource .CRT Certificate File Oracle Terminal Settings Info UNIX Crontab File (not a required extension for Crontab) .CRU CRUSH Compressed Archive .CRY Crypto Chat II Encrypted Notebook-content .CSA Comma Deliminated Text .CSC Corel Script .CSD Bitstream Fontware File Chemsoft® MSDS Database File .CSF Chemical Sample File - Cache Software .CSH Hamilton Labs C Shell Script File .CSK Claris Works .CSM Borland C++ Symbol File Borland C++ 4.5 Precompiled Header Kodak DC265 Camera Script .CSP PC Emcee On-Screen Image .CSQ Foxpro Queries .CSS Hypertext Cascading Style Sheet Stats+ Datafile Statistica Datasheet .CST Macromedia Director Cast File .CSV Comma-Separated Variables .CT Scitex CT Bitmap .CTF TIFF Compressed File Symphony Character Code Translation .CTL Setup Information (various) User Control (various) .CTX Compressed Text Visual Basic User Control Binary File Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) Ciphertext File MS Online Course Text .CTY SimCity City File .CUE MS Cue Cards Data .CUF Turbo C Utilities Form Definition .CUL IconForge/ImageForge Cursor Library .CUR Cursor [Viewer] .CUT Dr. Halo Bitmap Graphic .CV Corel Versions Archive MS CodeView Information .CV4 Codeview Colors .CVP WinFax Cover Page .CVS Canvas Drawing File .CVT dBase Converted Database .CVW Codeview Colors .CWE Crossword Express .CWK Claris Works Data .CWS Claris Works Template .CXT Macromedia Director Protected Cast File .CXX Zortech C++ Program Top of Page .D Dialect Source Code File .D3D CorelDream 3D File .D64 Commodore 64 Emulator Disk Image .D8A AmBiz Productivity Pak Catalog .DAD Chromeleon Channel Raw Data .DAP Omnis5 Application File MS Access Data Access Page .DAT Data (multiple programs) WordPerfect Merge Data (also possibly) MPEG File .DB Paradox Database .DB2 dBase II File .DBC MS Visual Foxpro Database Container .DBF Database (multiple programs) [started as dBASE] Oracle 8.x Tablespace File .DBK dBase Database Backup Orcad Schematic Capture Backup File .DBM Cold Fusion Template .DBO dBase IV Compiled Program File .DBQ Paradox Memo .DBT Database Text File [dBASE] .DBV Flexfile Memo Field File .DBW DataBoss Database File .DBX Database (multiple programs) DataBeam Image MS Visual Foxpro Table .DC DesignCAD CAD File .DC2 DesignCAD CAD File .DC5 DataCAD Drawing File .DCA Visual Basic Active Designer Cache IBM DisplayWrite Document Content Architecture Text File .DCD Document Content Description File .DCF Design Rule for Camera File Systems File .DCM DCM Module Format .DCP Delphi Compiled Packages OS/2 Data CodePage .DCR Shockwave File .DCS Quark Desktop Color Separation Specification ACT! Activity Data File .DCT Dictionary (various) MS Visual Foxpro Database Container .DCU Delphi Compiled Unit .DCX FAX Image [Viewer] Bitmap Graphics [Viewer] Macros MS Visual Foxpro Database Container .DD Macintosh Compressed Disk Doubler Archive .DDB Bitmap Graphics File .DDE Dynamic Data Exchange .DDF BTRIEVE Database Bitstream Fontware File .DDI DiskDupe Image Disk Doubler Image .DDP OS/2 Device Driver Profile File .DEB DOS Debug Script Debian Linux Package .DEF Definitions Defaults SGML Tag Definition SmartWare II Data File C++ Definition Geoworks Assembly Header File .DEL Data .DEM Demonstration USGS Map .DEP Setup Wizard Dependency .DER Certificate File .DES Description Text .DEV Device Driver Device Independent TeX LaTeX File .DEZ DES Encrypted Zip File .DF1 Omnis7 and Omnis Studio Database File (also .DF2, .DF3, etc.) .DFD File Flow Diagram Graphic .DFI Digifont Outline Font Description .DFL Signature Default Program Settings .DFM Delphi Forms File Flow Diagram Model .DFS Delight Sound File .DFV Word Print Format Template .DG Autotrol Graphics .DGC TurboTax-related File .DGN Microstation95 CAD Drawing File Intergraph Graphics .DGS AT Advanced Diagnostics File .DH Geoworks Dependency Information File .DHP Dr. Halo PIC .DHT Gauss Data File .DIA Computer Support Corp Diagraph Graphics File .DIB Device-Independent Bitmap Graphic [Viewer] .DIC Dictionary (various) .DIF Data Interchange Format .DIG Text Document Digilink Format Sound Designer Audio File .DIP Graphics File .DIR Procomm Plus Dialing Directory Macromedia Director File DEC VAX Directory .DIS Corel Draw Thesaurus .DIT MS Win2000 Active Directory Schema .DIZ Description In Zip File .DKB DKBTrace Ray-Traced Graphics File .DL Animations file .DLD Lotus File .DLG Dialog Resource Script C++ Dialogue Script .DLL Dynamic Link Library CorelDraw Export/Import Filter .DLS Downloadable Sounds (Interactive Music Architecture) Norton DiskLock Setup File .DMD Visual dBASE Data Module .DMF Delusion/XTracker Digital Music File Packed Amiga Disk Image .DMO Demo .DMP Dump (various) .DMS Compressed Archive .DNE Darn v5+ (Windows) Events List .DOB User Document Form File .DOC Document or Documentation (many programs/formats) MS Word Document .DOG Laughing Dog Screen Saver .DOH Geoworks Dependency Information File .DOS Text File/DOS Specification Info .DOT MS Word Document Template Corel Lines-Definition .DOX Text File MultiMate Document User Document Binary Form File .DOZ VENDINFO Description Out of Zip File .DP Daily Planner Calendar File DataPhile Data File .DPA Serif DrawPlus Animation .DPJ DeskProto CAM Project File .DPK Delphi Package File .DPL Borland Delphi 3 Packed Library .DPP Serif DrawPlus Drawing .DPR Borland C++ (or Delphi) Default Project .DPT Publish-It! Publication File .DPX Digital Moving Picture Exchange .DQY MS Excel ODBC Query File .DRC Orcad Schematic Capture Design Rules Check Report File .DRN Darn for DOS .DRS WordPerfect Driver Resource .DRV Device Driver .DRW Drawing (various) Micrografix Vector Graphic Pro/E Drawing .DS4 Micrografx Designer Graphics (ver 4) .DSC Oracle Discard File Nikon Coolpix Disk Identification File .DSD DataShaper Database File Document Structure Definition File .DSF Micrografx Designer Delusion/XTracker Digital Sample .DSG Doom Saved Game .DSK Borland C++ or Turbo Pascal Project Desktop File Novell Driver File .DSL Lingvo User Feature Dictionary .DSM Delphi Symbol File Digital Sound Module Tracker Format Dynamic Studio Music Module .DSN ODBC Data Source SureThing Office Labeler (formerly DesignExpress) Document Orcad Schematic Capture Schematic File .DSP Signature Display Parameters Dr. Halo Graphic Screen Driver MS Developer Studio Project .DSQ Corel QUERY File .DSR WordPerfect Driver Active Designer File .DSS Digital Soup Digital Sound File .DST Embroidery Machines Graphics File .DSW MS Developer Studio Workspace Borland C++ Desktop Settings .DSX Active Designer Binary File .DT_ Macintosh Data File Fork .DTA Data (Various) .DTD SGML Document Definition File .DTF Q&A Database .DTM DigiTrekker Module .DTP SecurDesk! Desktop Timeworks Publisher Text Document Pressworks Template File .DUN Dial-Up Network .DUP Duplicate Backup .DV DESQview Script Digital Video File .DVC Lotus File .DVF DV Studio Camcorder Graphics File .DVI Device Independent Document .DVP DESQview Program Information AutoCAD Device Parameter .DVR Device Driver .DW2 DesignCAD Drawing File .DWC Compressed Archive .DWD DiamondWare Digitized File .DWF Autodesk Vector Graphic .DWG AutoCAD Drawing Database .DWP Dweep Game Levels DeScribe Document File .DWS Dyadic Workspace File .DWT AutoCAD Template/Prototype File .DX Document Imaging File Digital Electric Corporation (DEC) Data Exchange File .DXB Drawing Interchange Binary .DXF AutoCAD Drawing Interchange Format .DXN Fujitsu dexNet Fax Document .DXR Macromedia Director Protected Movie File .DYN Lotus File Top of Page .EBJ Geoworks Error Checking Object File .ECC Ecchi Role-playing Format (Generally X-rated Anime File) .ECW Ensoniq Waveset Format .ED5 EDMICS Graphics File .ED6 EDMICS Graphics File .EDA Ensoniq ASR Disk Image .EDB ROOTS3 Geneological Data .EDD FrameMaker Element Definition Document .EDE Ensoniq EPS Disk Image .EDK Ensoniq KT Disk Image .EDQ Ensoniq SQ1/SQ2/KS32 Disk Image .EDS Ensoniq SQ80 Disk Image .EDT VAX Edt Default Settings .EDV Ensoniq VFX-SD Disk Image .EEB WordPerfect Equation Editor Button Bar .EFA Ensoniq ASR File .EFE Ensoniq EPS File .EFK Ensoniq KT File .EFQ Ensoniq SQ1/SQ2/KS32 File .EFS Ensoniq SQ80 File .EFT Chiwriter High Res Screen Characters .EFV Ensoniq VFX-SD File .EFX Everex EFax Fax Document .EGA Ventura EGA Screen Characters .EL eMacs Lisp Source Code .ELC eMacs Lisp Byte-compiled Source Code .ELI Encyclopedia Article List .ELM MS FrontPage Theme-Pack File .ELT Event List Text .EMB Everest Embedded Bank File .EMD ABT Extended Module .EMF Extended Windows Metafile Format [Viewer] .EML MS Outlook Express Electronic Mail .EMS PC Tools Enhanced Menu System Config .EMU Emulation .ENC UUENCODEd Encoded File Video File Knowledgeware Encyclopedia Encore Music File .END Corel Arrow Definition .ENG Dictionary .ENR Enroute Toolath .ENV WordPerfect Environment .EPD Express Publisher Publication File .EPI Express Publisher Document File .EPS Encapsulated PostScript [Viewer] Ventura Printer Font .EQN WordPerfect Equation .ER1 ERWin File .ERD Entity Relationship Diagram .ERM Entity Relationship Diagram Model .ERR Error Log (various) .ERX ERWin File .ESF Emblaze Audio File .ESH Extended Shell Batch File .ESI Esri Plot File .ESL MS Visual FoxPro Distributable Support Library .ETH Ethnograph Document File .ETX SetText Structure Enhanced Text .EUC Japanese (Kanji) .EUI Ensoniq EPS Family Compacted Disk Image .EVT PC Tools Event File Scheduler MS WinNT/2000 Event Log .EVY Envoy Document .EWD Express Publisher for Windows Document .EWL MS Encarta Document .EX3 Harvard Device Driver (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .EXC QEMM Exclude File REXX Program MS Word Exclusion Dictionary Text Document .EXE Executable File .EXP ICQ Saved Chat File .EXT Norton Commander Extension File .EYB Encyclopedia Yearbook File .EZP Edify Electronic Workforce Backup Utility .EZS Sunburst Technology Easy Sheet Document .EZT Sunburst Technology Easy Sheet Template Top of Page .F Compressed Archive File (UNIX) FORTRAN Program .F01 Perfect Fax Document .F06 DOS 6 Pixel Screen Font .F07 DOS 7 Pixel Screen Font .F08 DOS 8 Pixel Screen Font .F09 DOS 9 pixel Screen Font .F10 DOS 10 Pixel Screen Font .F11 DOS 11 Pixel Screen Font .F12 DOS 12 Pixel Screen Font .F13 DOS 13 Pixel Screen Font .F14 DOS 14 Pixel Screen Font .F15 DOS 15 Pixel Screen Font .F16 DOS 16 Pixel Screen Font .F2R Farandoyle Linear Module Format .F3R Farandoyle Blocked Module Format .F32 Raw 32-bit IEEE Floating Point Values .F64 Raw 64-bit IEEE Floating Point Values .F77 FORTRAN 77 Program .F90 FORTRAN Program .F96 Frecom FAX96 Document .FAC FACE Graphic .FAQ Frequently Asked Questions .FAR Farandoyle Tracker Music Module .FAS 3D Fassade Plus Basic Module .FAV MS Outlook Bar Shortcuts .FAX Fax File .FBC FamilyTree Compressed Backup File .FBK Navison Financials Backup FamilyTree Backup File .FBM Fuzzy Bitmap .FBS File Burner Skin .FC Harvard Dictionary (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .FCD Virtual CD-ROM FastCAD/EasyCAD Output Patton & Patton Flow Charting 3 File .FCT Foxpro Catalog .FD FORTRAN Declarations Dataflex Field Compiler Offsets .FDB Navison Financials Database Art Explosion Portfolio Catalog File .FDF Adobe Acrobat Forms Document .FDX Force Index .FEB WordPerfect Figure Editor Button Bar .FEM CADRE Finite Element Mesh File .FES A file produced when a fileless occurrence in Topicscape is exported to Windows. URL: www.topicscape.com Company: 3D-Scape Limited www.3d-scape.com (added 2005-09-22) .FEX Focus File .FF AGFA CompuGraphics Outline Font Description .FFA MS Fast Find File .FFF GUS PnP Bank defFax Fax Document .FFL MS Fast Find File PrintMaster Gold Image File .FFO MS Fast Find File .FFT DCA/FFT Final Form Text .FFX MS Fast Find File .FGA Folder Guard Attributes .FGD Folder Guard Data .FGP Folder Guard Passwords File .FH3 Aldus Freehand 3 Drawing .FH4 Aldus Freehand 4 Drawing .FI FORTRAN Interface File .FIF Fractal Image Format .FIG REND386/AVRIL Graphic .FIL dBase Files List Object WordPerfect Overlay .FIN WordPerfect Print Format Text .FIT FITS Graphic .FIX Generic Patch File .FKY Foxpro Macro .FLA Macromedia Flash Movie .FLB Papyrus Format Library .FLC AutoDesk FLIC Animated Picture .FLD Charisma Folder Hijaak Thumbnail Folder .FLF Corel Paradox Form OS/2 Driver File Navison Financials License File .FLI Autodesk FLIC Animation .FLL Foxpro Library .FLM AutoCAD Film .FLR Live3D File .FLT Corel Graphic Filter StarTrekker Music Module MulitGen Open Flight File .FLX Image File Dataflex Ordered Binder .FM Adobe FrameMaker Document FileMaker Pro Spreadsheet .FM1 Lotus Spreadsheet File .FM3 Harvard Device Driver (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) 1-2-3 Format File .FMB WordPerfect File Manager Button Bar Oracle Binary Form Source Code .FMD Open Access File .FML GetRight File Mirror List .FMO dBase Ordered Format .FMP FileMaker Pro Document .FMT Format File Style Sheet Oracle Text Form Format MS Schedule+ Print File MS Visual FoxPro Csreen Format File .FMV Frame Vector Metafile .FMX Oracle Executable Form .FND MS Explorer Saved Search .FNG Font Navigator Group File .FNK FunkTracker Module .FNO Folio Infobase .FNT Font File .FOG Fontographer Font .FON Font File Procomm Plus Call Log .FOR FORTRAN Source .FOT Font-related File .FOX FoxBase File .FP FileMaker Pro File .FP1 Flying Pigs for Windows Data .FP3 FileMaker Pro File .FP5 FileMaker Pro Document .FPC FoxPro Catalog File .FPT FileMaker Pro File FoxPro Memo Fields .FPX FlashPix Bitmap [Viewer] .FRM Form File FrameMaker Document FrameBuilder Document Oracle Executable Form Visual Basic Form WordPerfect Merge Form DataCAD Symbol Report File .FRS WordPerfect Graphics Driver .FRT FoxPro Report File .FRX Visual Basic Binary Form File FoxPro Report File .FSF Convert It! Factor File fPrint Audit Tool File .FSL Borderland's Paradox 7 Forms Corel Paradox Saved Form .FSM Farandoyle Sample Format .FST FastStats Analyzer File .FT Lotus Notes Full Text Index .FTG Windows Help Full-text Search Group File .FTM Family File .FTS Windows Help Full-Text Search Index File .FTV Forest & Trees File .FTW Family File .FW2 Framework II File .FW3 Framework III File .FW4 Framework IV File .FWL FileWrangler EXE Library .FXD WinFax Sent Document (TIFF format) .FXI File-Ex File .FXP FoxPro Compiled Source .FXR WinFax Received Document (TIFF format) .FZB Casio FZ-1 Bank Dump .FZF Casio FZ-1 Full Dump .FZV Casio FZ-1 Voice Dump Top of Page .G3 G3 FAX File [Viewer] .G4 GTX RasterCAD File .GAL Gallery of Pictures Corel Multimedia Manager Album .GB Chinese .GBK Interbase Database Backup .GC Sierra Print Artist File .GCA GOCA Graphics File .GCD Generic CADD Drawing .GCF WinXComp Grouped Compressed File .GCI GTA2 Game File .GCP Ground Control Point File (map projection) .GDB Interbase Database .GDM Bells, Whistles, and Sound Boards Module .GDS Image File .GED GEDCOM Family History File Graphic Environment Document Arts & Letters Graphics File .GEM GEM (a desktop interface) File .GEN Ventura-Generated Text File Chromeleon Generic Driver Configuration .GEO VideoScope File .GFC Patton & Patton Flowcharting 4 File .GFI Genigraphics Graphics Link Presentation .GFX Genigraphics Graphics Link Presentation .GHO Symantec Ghost Disk Image File .GID Windows Help Index File .GIF Graphic Interchange Format [Viewer] .GIM Genigraphics Graphics Link Presentation .GIX Genigraphics Graphics Link Presentation .GKH Ensoniq EPS Family Disk Image .GKS Gravis GripKey Document .GL Animated Picture .GLY MS Word Glossary .GMP GTA2 Game File .GNA Genigraphics Graphics Link Presentation .GNT Micro Focus Generated Code .GNX Genigraphics Graphics Link Presentation .GP3 CCITT Group 3 File (fax) .GP4 CCITT Group 4 File (fax) .GPP Serif GraphicsPlus Object .GR2 Windows 3.0 Screen Driver .GR3 Windows 3.0 Screen Grabber .GRA Flight Simulator File MS Graph Chart .GRB MS-DOS Shell Monitor .GRD Gradebook Power File Map Projection Grid File .GRF Graph Golden Software Graph File Grafix Idea File .GRP Program Manager Group .GRY Picture File .GSM Raw GSM 6.10 Audio Stream US Robotics Modem File .GSP Geometer's Sketchpad Material File .GT2 Graoumftracker Music Module (new) .GTK Graoumftracker Music Module (old) .GTY Gibson Tray File .GWX Genigraphics Graphics Link Presentation .GWZ Genigraphics Graphics Link Presentation .GX1 Show Partner Graphics File .GX2 Show Partner Graphics File .GXT GTA2 Game File .GZ Gzip Compressed Archive Top of Page .H Header (Usually C Compiler) .H! Flambeaux Tutorial Database .H++ C++ Header File .H-- Sphinx C-- Header File .HA Compressed Archive .HAM Image File .HBK Mathcad Handbook .HDF Hierarchical Data Format File .HDL Procomm Plus Alternate Download File Listing .HDR Procomm Plus Message Header PC-File+ Database Header .HDX Help Index (Various) .HED HighEdit Document .HEL MS Hellbender Saved Game .HEX Hex Dump Macintosh BinHex 2.0 File .HFI HP Font Info .HFX HotFax File .HGL HP Graphics Language .HH C++ Header Help Topic Map File .HHC Table of Contents File (HHW Application) TurboTax Contents File .HHH Power C Precompiled Header .HHK Help Workshop Index File .HHP Procomm Plus Help Data .HHP HTML Help Project .HLP Windows Help File .HMM Procomm Plus Alternate Mail Read Option Menu .HOF Hall Of Fame (scores) .HOG Lucas Arts Dark Forces WAD File .HPF PageMaker HP LaserJet Fonts .HPG Hewlett-Packard Graphics (plotter) .HPI Gem Font Information .HPJ Help Project File .HPK Compressed Archive .HPL HP Graphics File .HPP C++ Program Header .HPR RoboHELP Configuration File .HQX Binhex Text Conversion File (Macintosh) .HRL Herolab EasyWin32 .HPM Procomm Plus Alternate Main Menu .HPP Zortech C++ Header .HPR RoboHelp Configuration .HQX Macintosh BinHex 4 Compressed Archive .HRM Procomm Plus Alternate Main Menu .HRX Herolab EasyWin32 .HRZ Image File .HSS Photoshop Hue/Saturation Information .HST History File Host File .HT HyperTerminal .HTA Hypertext Application (run apps from HTML doc) .HTF WebBase File .HTI WebBase File .HTM Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) .HTT Hypertext Template .HTX Extenended Hypertext Template Internet Database Connector File .HWP Hangul Word Processor File .HXM Procomm Plus Alternate Protocol Selection Menu Descent2 HAM File .HXX C++ Header .HYC WordPerfect Hyphenation File .HYD WordPerfect Hyphenation Dictionary .HYP Hypertext File Hyphenation File Compressed Archive .HZ Chinese Top of Page .IBA mde infoHandler Infobase File .IBM Image File .ICA Citrix File IOCA Graphics File .ICB Targa Bitmap .ICC Kodak Printer Image .ICE Archive File .ICL Icon Library File (various) ImageForge/IconForge [Viewer] .ICM Image Color Matching Profile File .ICN Icon Program .ICO Icon [Viewer] .ICS Outlook Calendar File .ID Disk Identification File .IDB MS Developers Intermediate File .IDD MIDI Instrument Definition .IDE Integrated Development Environment Configuration File .IDF MIDI Instruments Drivers File .IDQ Internet Data Query File .IDX Index (multiple programs) .IEF Image File .IFF Graphic, Sound (Interchangeable File Format) [Viewer] .IFS OS/2 System File IconForge Image EXE Library .IGF Inset Systems Metafile .IGS IGES-Format .IIF QuickBooks for Windows Interchange File .III Intel Phone Compatible .IL Icon Library .IM8 Sun Raster Graphic .IMA WinImage File .IMF ImageForge/ImageForge Image EXE Library .IMG Bitmap Graphic (several programs) [Viewer] .IMP Urban Chaos Game File .IN3 Harvard Input Device Driver (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .INC Include File (various) .IND dBase IV or DataPerfect Index .INF Information or Setup File .INI Initialization file (many) .INK Pantone Reference File .INP Oracle Source Code .INS Internet Communication Setting WordPerfect File Ensoniq EPS Family Instrument Sample Cell / II Instrument InstallShield Script X-Internet Sign-up File .INT Borland Interface Units Foxpro Code Page Intermediate Code used for syntax checking (various) .INX Foxbase Index .IO Compressed Archive .IOB Imagine File .IOF Findit Document .ION Text Program/Installation Description .IPL Corel Pantone Spot Reference Palette .IPX Interactive Pictures Corporation AV File .IQY Excel Web Query .IRS WordPerfect Resource File .ISD RapidFile Dictionary .ISH Compressed Archive File .ISO File List for CD-ROM .ISP X-Internet Sign-up File Internet Communication Settings .ISS InstallShield Response File .IST Digitrakker Instrument File .ISU InstallShield Uninstall Script Netscape File .IT Impulse Tracker Music Module .ITI Impulse Tracker Instrument .ITS Internet Document Set Impulse Tracker Sample .IV VRML File Open Inventor File .IVF Indeo Video File .IW Iconware Application Idlewild Screensaver .IWA IBM Writing Assistant Text .IWP Wang Text File .IX Framemaker Index File Top of Page .J62 Ricoh Camera File .JAR Java Archive File .JAS Compressed Graphic .JBC Jam Byte-Code Hex File (8051 Microprocessor File) .JBD SigmaScan Data File .JBF Paint Shop Pro Browser File .JBX Project Scheduler File .JFF JPEG Image .JFI Image File .JIF JPEG Image .JIS Japanese .JMP SAS JMPDiscovery Chart-to-statistics File .JMS Voxtron TeleButler Graphical Voice Response Call Flow .JN1 Epic MegaGames Jill of the Jungle Data File .JNB Sigma Plot Workbook File .JNK Junk (temporary file) .JNL Ingres Journal File .JOB Job File Task Scheduler Task Object QuestVision Vector Graphics File (IMG File Conversion) .JOR MS SQL Server Journal File .JPC Picture File (Japanese) .JPE JPEG Image .JPG JPEG Image [Viewer] .JS JavaScript Source Code .JSD eFAX Jet Suite Document .JSL PaintShop Pro File .JSP Java Server Page .JT JT Fax .JTF JPEG Tagged Interchange Format Image .JTK Sun Java ToolKit File .JW Justwrite Text .JWL Justwrite Text File Library .JZZ Jazz Spreadsheet Top of Page .K25 Kurzweil 2500 Sample .KAR Karaoke MIDI File .KB Borland C++ Keyboard Script Knowledge Pro Source Code .KBD Keyboard Script File Layout (various) .KBI Keirsey-Bates Temperament Sorter Index .KBM Reflection Keyboard Script File Layout .KBP Keirsey-Bates Temperament Sorter Profile .KBR Keirsey-Bates Temperament Sorter Data .KCL Kyoto Common LISP Source Code .KDC Kodak Photo-Enhancer [Viewer] .KEX KEDIT Profile File .KEY Keyboard Macros Forecast Pro Datafile Program Security or Registration File (various) DataCAD Icon Toolbar File .KFX KoFax Group 4 Image .KIZ Kodak Digital Postcard File .KKW RoboHELP Keyword Help project Index File .KMP Korg Trinity KeyMaP File .KNO Personal Knowbase File .KPP SmartPad Toolpad .KQP Konica Camera File .KR1 Kurzweil 2000 Sample (multi-floppy) .KRZ Kurzweil 2000 Sample .KSC Korg Trinity Script .KSE Keepsake Studio Export File .KSF Korg Trinity Sample .KSH Prodigy Internet Registration File .KTT KeyText Data File .KYB Keyboard Layout .KYE Kye Game Data Top of Page .L LEX Program File Link Instructions LISP Program File .LAB Mailing Labels .LAT Crossword Express Lattice File .LAY Applause Word Chart Layout .LBG dBase IV Label Generator .LBL Labels (various) .LBM Deluxe Paint Bitmap Graphic [Viewer] .LBO dBase IV Ordered Labels .LBR Compressed Archive File Lotus Screen Driver Omnis7 Application File .LBS Omnis Studio Application File .LBT Foxpro Label Memo .LBX Foxpro Label .LCF Linker Control File .LCK MS Frontpage-related File Adobe Pagemaker Database File .LCN WordPerfect Dictionary File .LD Telix Long Distance Codes .LD1 dBase Overlay File .LDB MS Access Lock File TrueVector Log Database .LDF LuraDocument File [Viewer] .LDL Corel Paradox Delivered Library .LEG Legacy Graphic Format .LES Learn Lesson File Logitech Entertainment Game Profile .LET Letter .LEX Lexicon (dictionary file) .LFT Chiwriter Laser Printer Font 3D Studio Loft File .LGC Program Use Log File (for Windows Program Use Optimization) .LGO MS Windows Logo Driver .LGT Urban Chaos Game File .LHA Compressed Archive File (LZH) .LHS Literate Haskell Source File .LHW Compressed Amiga Archive File .LHZ LHA Compressed Archive File .LIB Program Library (diverse programmers' languages) .LIC License File (various Shareware) .LIF Compressed Archive File HP Logical Interchange Format File .LIN AutoCAD Line Art .LIS Program Listing Structured Query Reporting (SQR) Output .LIT MS Reader EBook File .LJ Text File for HP LJ II Printer .LLC LapLink Saved Connection File .LLX Laplink Exchange Agent .LM8 Picture File .LMD Tune Smithy List of Modes for a Musical Scale .LND 3D Landscape Data .LNK Linker File Windows Shortcut File .LOG Log File (many different programs) .LOK FileWrangler/ZipWrangler/SecurDesk! Encrypted Archive .LP LP88 Linear Programming for the IBM-PC File .LPB LP88 Linear Programming for the IBM-PC File .LPD Helix Nuts and Bolts File (Helix Software now part of McAfee) .LRC Intel Video Phone File .LRF Linker Response File .LRS WordPerfect Language Resource File .LSC Tune Smithy List of Muscial Scales .LSF Streaming Audio/Video File .LSL Corel Paradox Saved Library .LSP LISP Program File .LST Listing or List (e.g., packing list) PowerPoint File Ingres Dump List File .LSX Streaming Audio/Video Shortcut .LTR Letter .LU ThoughtWing Library Unit File .LVL Parallax Miner Descent/D2 Level Extension .LWF LuraWave-compressed Graphic File [Viewer] .LWP Lotus Wordpro 96/97 File .LWV MS Linguistically Enhanced Sound File .LYR DataCAD Layer File .LYT TurboTax Log File .LZH Compressed Archive File .LZS Compressed Archive File Skyroads Data File .LZW Compressed Amiga Archive File .LZX Compressed File Top of Page .M Matlab Function Macro Source Mathematica File .M?? Ingres Modify Table/Index File (?? = Hex 00 to FF) .M18 Accolade Golf Course File .M1V MPEG File .M3 ModuleA 3 Program File .M3A MPEG Archive Enhanced .M3U Playlist File .M3D 3D Animations Macro Corel Motion 3D Animation .M3U MPEG URL .MA3 Harvard Macro (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .MAC MacPaint Bitmap Graphic Macro (various) .MAD MS Access Module Shortcut .MAF MS Access Form Shortcut .MAG Picture File MS Access Diagram Shortcut .MAI Mail .MAK Make File (compiler project file) .MAM MS Access Macro Shortcut .MAN Manual .MAP Image Color Palette Duke Nukem WAD File Ingres Termcap Mapping File Linker Map Micrografx Format Data .MAQ MS Access Query Shortcut .MAR MS Access Report Shortcut .MAS Focus Master Data Definition MS Access Stored Procedures Lotus Freelance Graphics Smartmaster File .MAT Sound File Matlab Variables Binary File MS Access Table Shortcut .MAV MS Access View Shortcut .MAW MS Access Data Access Page .MAX Kinetix's 3D Studio MAX Scene Paperport File OrCAD Layout File .MAZ Hover Maze Data Division's dVS/dVISE File .MB Paradox Memo Holder .MB1 Apogee Monster Bash Data File .MBF MS Money Backup File .MBK dBase IV Multiple Index Backup .MBX Mailbox Message File (Outlook v1-4 or Eudora) .MCC Mathcad Configuration Dialer10 Calling Card Monu-Cad Pro CAD File .MCD Mathcad Document Monu-Cad Pro CAD File .MCF Mathcad Font .MCI Media Control Interface Command Set .MCL Multimedia Manager Collection File .MCP Mathcad Printer Driver .MCR DataCAD Keyboard Macro File .MCS MathCAD Format File .MCW Word for Macintosh Text File .MCX Graphic File .MD Compressed Archive File .MDA MS Access Add-in MS Access 2 Workgroup .MDB MS Access Database MS Access Application .MDE MS Access Database File .MDF Menu Definition File .MDL Digitrakker Music Module Quake Model File .MDM Telix Modem Definition .MDN MS Access Blank Database Template .MDP MS Developer Studio Project .MDT MS Access Add-in Data .MDW MS Access Workgroup Information .MDX dBase IV Multiple Index .MDZ MS Access Wizard Template .ME Information (e.g., READ.ME) .MEB WordPerfect Macro Editor Bottom Overflow File .MED WordPerfect Macro Editor Delete Save OctaMED Tracker Module .MEM WordPerfect Macro Editor Macro Memory File of Variables .MEN Menu .MEQ WordPerfect Macro Editor Print Queue .MER WordPerfect Macro Editor Resident Area Data Interchange Format .MES Message File WordPerfect Macro Editor Work Space .MET WordPerfect Macro Editor Top Overflow File Presentation Manager Meta File OmniPage Document .MEU DOS Shell Menus .MEX Matlab Executable Command WordPerfect Macro Editor Expound File .MF MetaFont Text File .MFF MIDI File Format .MGC MGCSoft Equation Editor File .MGF Image File Micrografx Font Materials and Geometry Format File .MGM MGCSoft Equation Editor Macro File .MH Graphic File .MHG Multimedia File .MHT MS MHTML Document (Archived Web Page) .MI Miscellaneous .MIC MS Image Composer File .MID MIDI File [Viewer] .MIF MIDI Instrument Adobe FrameMaker Interchange Format .MIL Group 4 Fax File .MIM Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) File [MIME] .MIX Power C Object File Multilayer Picture File (MS PhotoDraw 2000 & MS Picture It!) Command & Conquer Movie/Sound File .MK Make File .MKE Make File .MKI Picture File .MLB Macro Library .MLI Encyclopedia Media List 3D Studio's Material-Library File .MLS Miles Sound Tools Compressed DLS .MM Macro Mania Macro .MMC Media Catalog .MME Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) File [MIME] .MMF Meal Master Format MS Mail File .MMM Animation MS Multimedia Movie .MMP MindManager Player Play List File .MMS Miles Sound Tools (Midi+DLS/MLS) .MMZ MusicMatch Theme File .MN2 Descent2 Mission File .MND AutoCAD Menu Program File MNI Mandelbrot for Windows .MNG Animation Shop Animation Multi-image Network Graphics .MNT Foxpro Menu Memo .MNU Menu File (various) .MNW Menu File (various) .MNX AutoCAD Compiled Menu File Foxpro Menu .MNY MS Money File .MOB Device Definitions .MOD Music File ModuleA-2 Program File Windows Kernel Module Amiga and PC Tracker Module MS Multiplan Spreadsheet .MOV QuickTime Video Clip [Viewer] Apple QuickTime Audio .MOZ Netscape Temp File .MP Multiplan File .MP1 MPEG Audio Stream, Layer I .MP2 MPEG Audio Stream, Layer II .MP3 MPEG Audio Stream, Layer III [Viewer] .MPA MPEG Audio Stream, Layer I, II or III .MPC MS Project Calender .MPD Mini Port Driver .MPE MPEG Movie Clip .MPG MPEG Animation [Viewer] MPEG 1 System Stream .MPJ RoboHTML Project .MPM WordPerfect MathPlan Macro .MPP MS Project File CAD Drawing File .MPQ Blizzard Game Data File .MPR Foxpro Program .MPS Multimedia File .MPT MS Project Template File .MPV MS Project View .MPX Foxpro Compiler Menu MS Project Export File .MRB Multiple Resolution Bitmap Graphic .MRI MRI Scan .MRK Informative Graphics Markup File .MRS WordPerfect Macro Resource File .MS Checksum File for Anti-Virus .MSA Magic Shadow Archive .MSC Microsoft Common Console Document .MSG Program Message OzWin Message/Mail File MS Mail Message .MSH MASH (The Microsoft Agent Scripting Helper) .MSI Windows Installer File .MSK Autodesk Mask File PaintShop Pro Mask File .MSN MS Network Document Descent Mission File .MSP MS Paint Graphic File Windows Installer Patch .MST Minispecification Windows SDK Setup Script .MSW Word Text File .MTH Derive Math File .MTM Sound File MultiTracker Music Module .MTV Picture File .MTW Minitab Data File .MU Quattro Menu .MUL Ultima Online Game .MUP Music Publisher File .MUS Audio File .MVB Database MS Multimedia Viewer File .MVF Movie Stop Frame File .MWP Lotus Wordpro 97 Smartmaster File .MXT MS C .MYS Myst Saved Game .MZ MOZART Music Document .MZT MOZART Template File Top of Page .NAN Nanoscope File .NAP NAP Metafile Vector Image .NAV MSN Application Extension .NB Nota Bene Text File .NCB MS Developer Studio File .NCD Norton Change Directory .NCF Netware Command File Lotus Notes Internal Clipboard .NDL Lotus Notes .NDO 3D Low-polygon Modeler .NDX Index (usually dBase compatible) .NED MSN Application Extension .NET Network Configuration .NEW New Information (e.g., WHATS.NEW) .NFF Image File Neutral File Format .NFO Folio Infobase .NG Norton Guide Online Documentation .NIL Norton Icon Library File .NLB Oracle 7 Data .NLM Netware Loadable Module .NLS Code Page National Language Support .NLU Norton Live Update E-Mail Trigger File .NOL Nokia Operator Logo .NOT Notes .NOW Text File (e.g., README.NOW) .NPM Nokia Picture Message .NRG Norton Registration Entries .NRT Nokia RingTone .NS2 Lotus Notes 2 Database .NS3 Lotus Notes .NSF Lotus Notes Database .NSG Lotus Notes .NSH Lotus Notes .NST Audio File Noise Tracker Music Module .NTF Lotus Notes Database Template .NTS Norton Tutorial .NTX Clipper Index .NW NoteWorthy 2 File .NWC Noteworthy Composer Song File .NWS MS Outlook Express News File .NXA ndxCards data files (added 2004-08-13) .NXB ndxCards data files .NXD ndxCards card decks .NXP ndxCards project file Top of Page .O Object File (various) .O$$ Output File (temporary usually) .O01 Typhoon Voice File .OAB MS Outlook Address Book .OAZ OAZ Fax File .OBD MS Office Binder .OBJ Relocatable Object Code (various) Lightwave Object .OBZ MS Office Binder Wizard .OCA Control Typelib Cache .OCX Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) Control Extension .OD1 Omnis5 Database File (also .OD2, .OD3, etc.) .ODF Open Document Interchange BattleZone Cartographers Guild File .ODS MS Outlook Express Mailbox .OFC Open Financial Connectivity File .OFF Vector Graphic (Object File Format) 3D Mesh Object File Format .OFM Adobe Font .OFN MS Office FileNew File .OFT MS Outlook Item Template .OFX Open Financial Exchange File .OKT Oktalyzer Tracker Module .OLB Object Library .OLD Old Version (sometimes used as a backup indicator) .OLE Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) Object .OLI Olivetti Text File .OMF Image File .OND Lotus Notes-related File (unverified) .ONX Onyx Graphics Postershop File .OPC Beta 44 Job File .OPL Psion Organiser Programming Language Source File .OPO OPL Output Executable File .OPT QEMM Optimize Options MS Developer Studio File .OPX MS Orgchart Organization Diagram OPL Extension DLL .OQY MS Excel OLAP Query File .OR2 Lotus Organiser 2 File .OR3 Lotus Organiser 97 File .ORA Oracle 7 Configuration .ORC MIDI File Oracle 7 Script .ORG Lotus Organiser File .ORI Original .OSS MS Office Search .OST MS Exchange/Outlook Offline File .OTL Super NoteTab Template File .OUT Outlines or Output File (various) .OUT Primavera Systems, Inc. project management software - Schedule report text files (can be read in Textpad) .OV1 Program File - Overlay .OV2 Program File - Overlay .OV3 Program File - Overlay .OVL Program File - Overlay .OVR Program File - Overlay .OZM Sharp Organizer Memo Bank .OZP Sharp Organizer Telephone Bank Top of Page .P PASCAL Program File Applause Picture .P10 Tektronix Plot 10 Drawing Certificate Request .P3 Primavera Systems, Inc. project management software - Primavera Project data files (of various types) .P65 Pagemaker 6.5 File .P7C Digital ID File .P7M PKCS #7 MIME Message (see Section 3.2 in RFC 2311 [MIME] .P7R Certificate Request Response .P7S PKCS #7 Signature .PAB MS Personal Address Book .PAC SB Studio II Package .PAD Telemate Keypad Definition .PAG Property Page File .PAK Compressed Archive File Quake WAD File .PAL Color Palette Adobe Pagemaker Library Palette Compressed File .PAN Chromeleon Control Panel .PAR Fractint Parameter File .PAS Pascal Source Code .PAT AutoCAD Hatch Pattern Patch Corel Vector Pattern Advanced Gravis Ultrasound Forte Tech. Patch .PBD PowerBuilder Dynamic Library .PBF Turtle Beach Pinnacle Bank File .PBK MS Phonebook .PBL PowerBuilder Library .PBM UNIX Portable Bitmap .PBR PowerBuilder Resource .PBI Profiler Binary Input .PBM PBM Portable Bit Map Graphic [Viewer] .PBO Profiler Binary Output .PBT Profiler Binary Table .PC PC-specific Text File .PC3 Harvard Custom Palette (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .PC5 Rockwell Software Logix 5 File .PC8 ASCII Text IBM-8 .PCA PCAnywhere Registry Backup .PCB Protel Technology Advanced PCB Design .PCC Image File .PCD Photo-CD Image [Viewer] P-Code Compiled Test Scripts .PCE Eudora Mailbox Name Map .PCF Profiler Command File .PCH Patch File MS C PreCompiled Header .PCK Turbo Pascal Pick File .PCL HP-PCL Graphic Data File (HP Printer Control Language) .PCM Sound File OKI MSM6376 Synth Chip PCM Format .PCP Symantec Live Update Pro .PCS PICS Animation .PCT Bitmap Graphic (Apple PICT Format Usually) .PCW PC Write Text File .PCX PC Paintbrush Bitmap Graphic [Viewer] .PDB Palmpilot Database File Pegasus DataBase Tact File QuickPOS Database File .PDD Adobe PhotoDeluxe Image .PDF Printer Description Adobe Acrobat File Netware Printer Definition File MS Package Definition File (Inventory-related) .PDG PrintShop Deluxe File .PDI MS Powerpoint File .PDQ Patton & Patton Flowcharting PDQ Lite File .PDR Port or Printer Driver .PDS PDS Graphic Telsis HiCall Program File .PDT ProCite Primary Database .PDV Paintbrush Printer Driver .PDX Paradox Files ProCite Database Keys Acrobat Catalog Index .PEB WordPerfect Program Editor Bottom Overflow File .PED WordPerfect Program Editor Delete Save .PEM WordPerfect Program Editor Macro .PEQ WordPerfect Program Editor Print Queue File .PER WordPerfect Program Editor Resident Area .PES WordPerfect Program Editor Work Space File .PET WordPerfect Program Editor Top Overflow File .PF Monitor or Printer Profile File Aladdin Systems Private Files Encrypted File .PFA Outline Font (ASCII) .PFB Outline Font (Binary) .PFC PF Component .PFE Programmers File Editor .PFK XTree Programmable Function Keys .PFM Printer Font Metrics .PFP Panorama Factory Project File .PFR PaintShop Pro File .PFT Chiwriter Printer Font .PGL Graphics (Plotter) .PGM Portable Graymap Graphic [Viewer] Chromeleon Batch Program .PGP Program Parameter Pretty Good Privacy .PGX Binary Property Page File .PH PERL Header MS Help Compiler Phrase Table .PHD PC Help Desk File .PHO Phone List .PHP PHP Script MS Picture It! Publishing Project File .PHR NoExcuse Phrase Checker .PIC PC Paint Bitmap Graphic Lotus Picture Macintosh PICT Drawing .PIF Windows Program Information File IBM PIF Drawing .PIG Lucas Arts Dark Forces WAD File .PIM PixMaker Project File .PIN Pushpin Set Epic Pinball Data File .PIT Macintosh Compressed Archive File .PIX PrintMaster Graphic File Inset Systems Bitmap .PJ MKS Source Integrity File .PJL ProCite Term Lists and Journal Title Lists .PJT Foxpro Project Memo .PJX Foxpro Project .PKA Compressed Archive File .PKB QuickPOS (Point-Of-Sale) Keyboard Layout File .PKG MS Developer Studio Application Extension AppleLink Package Compression Format File .PKO PublicKey Security Object .PKR PGP Public Keyring .PL Harvard Palette (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) PERL Program File .PL3 Harvard Chart Palette (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .PLB Foxpro Library .PLB LogoShow Screensaver .PLC Lotus Add-in .PLD PLD2 Source File (program due out 1Q2001) .PLG REND386/AVRIL File .PLI Oracle 7 Data Description .PLL Prelinked Library .PLM DisorderTracker2 Module .PLN WordPerfect Spreadsheet File .PLS DisorderTracker2 Sample WinAmp MPEG PlayList File Shoutcast File MYOB Data File .PLT AutoCAD HPGL Vector Graphic Plotter File Gerber Sign-making Software File .PLY Autodesk Polygon .PM PM Graphic or Perl Module .PM3 PageMaker 3 Document .PM4 PageMaker 4 Document .PM5 PageMaker 5 Document .PM6 PageMaker 6 Document .PML NT4 Performance Monitor Log File PADGen Program Information .PN3 Harvard Printer Driver (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .PNG Public (Portable) Network Graphic (proposed GIF replacement) [Viewer] PaintShop Pro Browser .PNM PBM Portable Any Map Graphic .PNT MacPaint File .POG Descent2 File .POL Music File AscToHTM Policy File .POP dBase Popup Menu .POS ProCite Output Styles QuickPOS IIF File (see IIF above) .POT PowerPoint Template .POV Persistence of Vision Ray-tracer .PP Compressed Archive File .PP4 Picture Publisher .PP5 Picture Publisher .PPA PowerPoint Add-in .PPB WordPerfect Print Preview Button Bar .PPD PostScript Printer Description .PPF Turtle Beach Pinnacle Program File .PPL Harvard Polaroid Palette Plus ColorKey Driver (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .PPM PBM Portable Pixelmap Graphic [Viewer] .PPO Clipper Preprocessor Output .PPP Serif PagePlus Publication Parson Power Publisher .PPS PowerPoint Slideshow .PPT PowerPoint Presentation .PPX Serif PagePlus Publication .PQ Adobe Pagemaker Default Printer Style .PQI Power Quest Drive Imaging Software .PR2 Persuasion Presentation .PR2 dBase IV Printer Driver .PR3 dBase IV PostScript Printer Driver .PRC Palmpilot Resource File .PRD Printer Driver .PRE Freelance Presentation .PRF Preferences File (various) dBase IV Printer Driver Profiler Output PICS Rules File .PRG Program File (various) OzWin Purged Messages File WAVmaker Program .PRJ Project File 3D Studio File HitPlayer Advanced Playlist File .PRM Parameter File .PRN Printer Text File DataCAD Windows Printer File XYWrite Printer Driver PostScript File .PRO Profile PROLOG Program File .PRS Printer Resource File WordPerfect Printer Resource Font File dBase Procedure Harvard File (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .PRT Printer Configuration Printer-formatted File Unigraphics Part File (CAD modeling data) .PRV PsiMail Internet Provider Template Previous Version (used for files that change) .PRX Foxpro Compiler Program .PRX Primavera Systems, Inc. project management software - Archive file of all packaged project datafiles compressed for transfer to another user or for archival purposes. .PRZ Freelance Graphics 97 File .PS PostScript .PSB Pinnacle Sound Bank .PSD Photoshop Format [Viewer] Apple Viewer File .PSF Chiwriter PostScript Printer Font .PSI PSION A-law Audio .PSM Turbo Pascal Symbol Table Protracker Studio Module Format Epic Games Sound Data .PSP PaintShop Pro Image [Viewer] .PST Outlook Personal Folder File .PSY PLD2 System File (program due out 1Q2001) .PT3 Harvard Device Driver (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .PT3 PageMaker Template .PT4 PageMaker Template .PT5 PageMaker Template .PTM PolyTracker Music Module .PUB PGP Public Key Ring Ventura Publication MS Publisher Document .PUF Puffer Encrypted File .PW Professional Write Text File .PWA Password Agent File .PWD Pocket Word Document .PWF ProCite Workforms .PWL Password List .PWP Photoworks Image File .PWZ PowerPoint Wizard .PX Primary Index .PX Paradox Primer Database Index .PXL Pocket Excel Spreadsheet .PY PYTHON Script Yahoo Saved Messages .PYC Compiler PYTHON Script .PZD Pizazz Plus File .PZO Pizazz Plus File Top of Page .Q9Q BladePro Graphic Plugin File .QAD PF QuickArt Document .QAG Norton Desktop Quick Access Group .QBB QuickBooks for Windows Backup File .QBD Keyboard Layout .QBE Example Query (Query By Example) .QBO dBase IV Ordered Query .QBW QuickBooks for Windows File .QCP Qualcomm PureVoice File .QDI Dictionary .QDK Quarterdeck QEMM File .QDT Quicken Data .QEF Excel Query .QEP IRMA Wordstation for Windows .QFL Family Lawyer Document .QFX Quick Link Fax .QIC Backup Set .QIF Quicken Interchange Format QuickTime Image .QLB MS C Quick Library .QLC PostScript Help File .QM Quality Motion File .QMT Quicken Memorized List .QNT Chromeleon Quantification Method .QNX Quicken Indexes .QPR OS/2 Printer Queue Driver Foxpro Relational Query .QPX Foxpro Ordered Query .QRP Centura Report Builder File .QRS WordPerfect Equation Editor .QRT QRT Ray Tracing Graphic .QRY dBase IV Query MS Query .QSC Pxyl Visuals Chart .QST Quake Spy Tab File .QT Quicktime Video .QTI QuickTime Image .QTM QuickTime Movie .QTP QuickTime Preferences .QTS Macintosh PICT Image QuickTime Image .QTX QuickTime Image .QUE Task Scheduler Queue Object CuteFTP Queue File .QW Q&A Write File .QWB Quotes WriteBack Import File (MS Money) .QXD QuarkExpress File Top of Page .R Pegasus Mail Resource File .R?? RAR Compressed File (?? can be 01 to 99) .R8 RAW Graphic File .R8L LaserJet Landscape Font .R8P LaserJet Portrait Font .RA RealMedia File [Viewer] .RAM RealMedia Metafile .RAR RAR Compressed Archive .RAS Sun Raster Graphic [Viewer] .RAT Rating System File .RAW RAW RGB 24-bit Graphic Raw Signed PCM Data .RAX Image File .RB RocketEdition File .RBF R:Base Data File .RBH RoboHelp Configuration .RC Borland C++ Resource Compiler Script File .RD3 Ray Dream Designer Graphics CorelDream 3D .RD4 Ray Dream Designer Graphics .RD5 Ray Dream Designer Graphics .RDB TrueVector Rules Database .RDF Resource Description Framework File Chromeleon Report Definition .RDL Descent Registered Level .RDX Reflex Data File .REC Sprint Record File Windows Recorder Macro RapidComm Voice File .REF Cross Reference .REG Registration Data .REM Annotation (remark) .REP Text Document .REQ Request .RES Resource File (various programs) .REX REXX Program File .REZ Resources .RF Sun Raster Graphic RealFlash Clip .RFD RecogniFORM Form Definition .RFG RFG Research System Database .RFH RFG Household Database .RFT Revisable Format Text .RGB Picture File .RI Lotus File .RIA Alpharel Group IV Raster Graphics File .RIC Ricoh Graphic File .RIF Fractal Painter Bitmap .RIP Remote Imaging Protocol .RIX Colorix File RIX Virtual Screen .RL2 Descent2 Registered Level .RLA Advanced Visualizer File Wavefront Raster Image .RLB Harvard Graphic File (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .RLC Image Systems CAD Overlay .RLE Graphic (Run Length Encoded) [Viewer] .RM RealMedia File .RMD RegMaid Document .RMF Rich Map Format (3D Games) .RMI MIDI File [Viewer] .RMK RMake Make File .RMM RealPlayer File .RND AutoCAD Rendering Slide AutoShade Format .RNL GTX Runlength Raster Graphics .RNX RealPlayer File .ROL Adlib Music .ROV Rescue Rover Data .RP RealPix Clip .RPD Rapidfile Database .RPM RedHat Package Manager (Linux) RealMedia Player File .RPT Report (various) .RQY MS Excel OLE DB Query File .RR Railroad Tycoon .RRS Road Rash Save File .RSB Rogue Spear Bitmap .RSL PC Tools Resources Library Borderland's Paradox 7 Report Adobe Pagemaker File .RSP Responce Text File Rockwell Software Logix 5 File .RT RealText Clip .RTA RoboHelp Configuration .RTF Rich Text Format .RTK RoboHelp Configuration .RTL Text File .RTM Real Tracker Music Module .RTP TurboTax Update File .RTS RoboHelp Configuration RealAudio RTSL Document .RUL InstallShield .RUN PC Tools Script Tools Program .RV RealVideo Clip .RVP Microsoft Scan Configuration File .RX Reflex Database Driver .RXD Reflex Database .RXH Reflex Database Help File .RXR Reflex Database Report .RXS Reflex Database Screen Driver Top of Page .S Assembler Source Code .S$$ Temporary Sort File .S01 WordPerfect Distribution File .S02 WordPerfect Distribution File .S03 WordPerfect Distribution File .S3I ScreamTracker v3 Instrument .S3M ScreamTracker v3 Module ScreamTracker v3 Sound File .SAH SETI@Home Data File .SAM AMI Pro Text File Signed 8-bit Sample Data .SAN The Curse of Monkey Island Movie File .SAV Backup Saved File .SB Audio File Raw Signed Byte (8-bit) Data .SBK Emu SoundFont v1.x Bank Files Creative Labs SB AWE 32 .SBL Shockwave Flash Object .SBP Superbase DML Program .SC Framework Screen Driver Paradox Source Code Ingres Embedded SQL/C Source File .SC2 Sample Cell II PC Instrument Schedule+ File SAS Catalog .SC3 Harvard Screen Driver (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .SCC Text File Stamp Collector's Girl Friday Catalog File Source Safe File .SCD Graphic (SCODL Scan Conversion Object Description Language) Schedule+ File TurboTax Schedule File .SCE SoftCuisine Data Exchange File .SCF Windows Explorer Command .SCH Schedule+ File EAGLE Schematic File .SCI ScanVec Inspire File .SCL SCALA Scale .SCM SchematicMaker (Topanga Software) File ScreenCam Movie .SCN Compressed Screen format TrueSpace2 Scene .SCO High Score (various) .SCP Script (various) .SCR Faxview Fax Screen Saver Script .SCT Foxpro Screen PC Tools Script Tools Scitex Continuous Tone Bitmap SAS Catalog Windows Script Component Lotus Screen Capture Text .SCV ScanVec CASmate File .SCX Foxpro Screen Image File .SD Sound Designer I Audio .SD2 Sound Designer II Flattened File Sound Designer II Data Fork SAS Database .SDA StarOffice Drawing SoftCuisine Data Archive .SDC StarOffice Spreadsheet .SDD StarOffice Presentation .SDF Standard Data Format Schedule Data File System File Format Autodesk MapGuide Spatial Data Files .SDK Roland S-series Floppy Disk Image Autosketch Drawing .SDL SmartDraw Library .SDN Shell Archive .SDR SmartDraw Drawing .SDS StarOffice Chart Raw Midi Sample Dump Standard File .SDT SmartDraw Template .SDV Semicolon Divided Values File .SDW StarOffice Text Raw Signed DWord (32-bit) Data Lotus WordPro Graphic .SDX Midi Sample Dump Standard Files Compacted by SDX .SEA Macintosh Compressed Archive File .SEC Compressed Archive File PGP Secret Key Ring .SEG Compressed File Segment .SEL PaintShop Pro Selection File .SEP TIFF Bitmap Separation .SEQ Animation 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