Scientists use a genetic marker to determine the success of a transformation. Genetic markers will change if the transformation has succeeded.
Scientists use the relative amount of stable and unstable isotopes in an object to determine its age.
They use spectroscopy.
the mohs scale
Scientists can use carbon dating to determine the age of a fossil.
Speciation
True
punk
punnett square
nanometer
Statistics
Carbon14 dating (isotopic dating)
Scientists use radiometric dating to determine the age of the Earth by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes in rocks and minerals. By analyzing the ratio of parent isotopes to daughter isotopes, scientists can calculate the age of the Earth based on the rate of decay of these isotopes.