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Second generation computers were developed to meet the needs of what?
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∙ 10y ago
The second generation computers were developed to meet the needs of the atomic energy laboratories.
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∙ 10y ago
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What are the characteristic of computer generations?
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes SponsoredProvide your business with the IT resources it needs::The IBM SmartCloud Simulator is an interactive tour that will show you several ways that you can use and manage this exciting product.The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951. Second Generation (1956-1963) TransistorsTransistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry. Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated CircuitsThe development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. Fourth Generation (1971-Present) MicroprocessorsThe microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer-from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls-on a single chip.In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial IntelligenceFifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
What is byte addressability?
Early computers were placed in 2 categories, allowing them to be optimized to their user's needs:scientific - these computers had large fixed wordsizes(e.g. 24 bits, 36 bits, 40 bits, 48 bits, 60 bits) and their memory could generally only be addressed to the word, no smaller sized entity could be addressed.business - these computers addressed memory by characters (e.g. 6 bits), if they supported the concept of words at all the machine usually had a variable wordlength that the programmer could specify in someway according to the needs of the program. Their memory was addressed to the character.This was true for both first and second generation computers, but in the third generation computer manufacturers decided to unify the 2 categories of computers to reduce the number of different architectures they had to support. IBM with the introduction of the System/360 in 1964 introduced the concept of thebyte (8 bits) as an independently addressable part of a large fixed word (32 bits). Other computer manufacturers soon followed this practice too.
Is revolution wrong?
This quote from Thomas Jefferson says it all: "Every generation needs a new revolution."
Advantage of 3rd generation of computer?
third generation of computer are larger than fourth generation. they are slower than fourth generation. IC chips were used whereas in fourth generation microprocessor were used. fourth generation consumed less electricity than third generation. cost was drastically decreased. speed was increased.
Why is Abraham Maslow well known?
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970), a professor at Brandeis University and a practicing psychologist, developed the hierarchy of needs theory. He identified a set of needs that he prioritized into a hierarchy.
How did Abraham maslow developed the hierarchy of needs?
Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs.
What are the characteristic of computer generations?
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes SponsoredProvide your business with the IT resources it needs::The IBM SmartCloud Simulator is an interactive tour that will show you several ways that you can use and manage this exciting product.The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951. Second Generation (1956-1963) TransistorsTransistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry. Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated CircuitsThe development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. Fourth Generation (1971-Present) MicroprocessorsThe microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer-from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls-on a single chip.In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial IntelligenceFifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
Are Business computers are typically personalized to meet individual needs?
business computers are typically personalized to meet individual needs
Could please gve me Selected economics question paper to solve for commerce XII?
sustainable development means meeting the needs of present generation without compromising with the needs of future generation
Why was the mililtary the first ones to use the computers?
War needs.
Name two driving factors in the development of computers?
The main driving factor for the development of computers was the needs of the United States defense department. The second driving factor was the United States space program.
What are Windows computers for kids?
Computers that are kid-oriented. Any Kids Windows NT Computer needs restricted programs.
Were frequent-user programs developed specifically to meet the needs of leisure travelers?
No, they were developed for business travelers.
What is the term to the sudden failure of the computers that needs to be started?
Computer has Crashed
What are the needs of plants that animals can provide?
Spreading the seeds for the next generation of plants.
What is ecological sustainability?
The ability to meet the needs of the present generation without affecting the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
What is byte addressability?
Early computers were placed in 2 categories, allowing them to be optimized to their user's needs:scientific - these computers had large fixed wordsizes(e.g. 24 bits, 36 bits, 40 bits, 48 bits, 60 bits) and their memory could generally only be addressed to the word, no smaller sized entity could be addressed.business - these computers addressed memory by characters (e.g. 6 bits), if they supported the concept of words at all the machine usually had a variable wordlength that the programmer could specify in someway according to the needs of the program. Their memory was addressed to the character.This was true for both first and second generation computers, but in the third generation computer manufacturers decided to unify the 2 categories of computers to reduce the number of different architectures they had to support. IBM with the introduction of the System/360 in 1964 introduced the concept of thebyte (8 bits) as an independently addressable part of a large fixed word (32 bits). Other computer manufacturers soon followed this practice too.
