Yes. Methotrexate is now being used as a treatment (low dosage) for some autoimmune diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, psoriatic Arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma.
There are many chemotherapy drugs that are used to treat other disorders besides cancer. An example is methotrexate which is used at lower doses to treat psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis. Another example is rituximab which can be used to treat certain types of low platelet counts.
Surgery, radiation, and sound, are used to treat cancer.
Uterine cancer is often diagnosed early, before it has spread. This means that many will not need treatment other than surgery. If the cancer has spread then radiotherapy or chemotherapy may be used as well as surgery.
Medical marijuana is not a treatment for breast cancer. Medical marijuana is sometimes used to help with symptoms of breast cancer treatments, but it doesn't cure the disease.
There is no effective alternative to radical orchiectomy in the treatment of testicular cancer; radiation and chemotherapy are considered follow-up treatments rather than alternatives.
Chemotherapy is generally defined as a treatment for cancer. There are many different types of cancer and so many different therapies are used. Most chemotherapies are based upon poisons that work more effectively on the cancer cells than on other body cells. Work continues to find substances that are more specific in attacking the cancer and in delivery methods that minimize what is delivered to other body cells in comparison to what reaches the cancer.
Chemotherapy is different than localized treatments of cancer because it is cytotoxic, or kills some of the blood cells in the body. In chemotherapy treatment, patients are given medication that travels throughout the body and destroys any cancer cells that are present.
I knew someone who went to Germany for stage IV colon cancer treatment. He traveled to Germany because the chemotherapy in Germany is stronger than what he would receive in the United States.
Prevention is much better because the cures do not exist. Chemotherapy for cancer may help, depending on the type of cancer and how advanced it is. Treatment can be a miserable process. For emphysema or other lung disorder, you are always chasing the progression of the disease with medication and oxygen.
The biggest difference is that chemotherapy is a chemical that is infused into the venous system, therefor, it is systemic (or affects your entire body). Radiation is local (or it can be aimed a just one certain spot to target a tumor). Different types of cancer respond to one better than the other, and some to both. They also can have very different side effects.
There are different types of chemotherapy treatments that exist. One uses antimetabolites to replace DNA building blocks, while another called corticosteroids to slow down the growth of cancer cells.
How does chemotherapy work? Normal cells in the body are constantly dividing to produce new cells in order to replace cells which are damaged or worn out. This process of normal cell division is very precisely controlled so that the number of new cells produced exactly matches the number of cells that need to be replaced. A cancer develops when a cell, or group of cells, escape from the normal control process and begin to divide and multiply in a random fashion which leads to an excessive number of cells being produced. Chemotherapy simply means treatment with drugs and can be used to describe the use of drugs in any illness. In cancer treatment 'chemotherapy' is shorthand for 'cytotoxic chemotherapy', the 'cytotoxics' being the main group of drugs used against cancer. The word cytotoxic means 'cell poison' and this actually describes how the drugs work. Cytotoxic drugs interfere with the process of cell reproduction so that when cancer cells come to reproduce (by dividing into two) they are unable to do so and die off. At the present time there are about a hundred different cytotoxic drugs approved for cancer treatment. All of these act in one way or another to interfere with the process of cell division. Unfortunately none of these drugs can tell the difference between normal cells and cancer cells. So they will all affect the reproduction of normal cells as well as cancer cells. This is why cytotoxic chemotherapy often causes unpleasant side-effects. Normal cells will usually recover from the effects of a dose of cytotoxic chemotherapy far more quickly than cancer cells. This is why chemotherapy is often given a number of short courses, with several weeks in between each course to allow for normal cells to recover. In this way treatment can be given which destroys cancer cells but causes no lasting injury to normal cells. Different cancers respond differently to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Some are very sensitive and can be cured with drug treatment. Others often respond to chemotherapy but are not sensitive enough to achieve cure. In these situations chemotherapy is given with the hope of prolonging good quality life. Others, despite all the different drugs available, remain almost completely resistant and unaffected by cytotoxic treatment. The great majority of drug treatment for cancer involves the use of cytotoxic drugs but there are a few types of cancer where treatment with hormones may also be helpful. This is considered in a separate question on hormone therapy for cancer.
Other than breast cancer surgery, there are many other options for treatment. Radiation therapy, chemotheraphy, hormone therapy, targeted drugs, and clinical trials are all available as alternatives.