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The Greeks made an unopposed amphibious landing on the coast near Troy, and then proceeded to invest the city of Troy and lay siege to it. However the siege was neither particularly close nor effective. The Greeks lacked artillery, or "siege engines" such as catapults, with which to batter the walls of Troy, to create a breach through which the infantry might enter and storm the city. The knowledge of siege warfare had not been perfected at that time to the point where trained military engineers could direct the tightening of the siege lines thruogh "regular aproaches"". These were ever closer rings of concentric trench lines, advanced by digging forward a zigzag "parallel" in the night, then commencing the new, closer trench, or "line of circumvallation". Eventually the besieging force might get close enough to dig under the foundations of the city walls, "undermining" them and causing them to tumble down and thus create a breach for storming. Later generations also learned to accomplish undermining by tunneling. Lacking this developed knowledge of siege warfare, and lacking artillery or siege engines, the Greeks could only seek to cut off Troy from the outside, and eventually starve the city into submission. They did not have a sufficient force to keep the city completely surrounded, and were ineffective in keeping traffic from getting in or out, which allowed resupply. Cities of that day routinely kept sufficient water and food stored within the walls to last for a year or two, in the event an enemy descended on the city and laid siege, but the siege of Tray lasted ten years. Eventually the Greeks were able to infiltrate a force into the city through deception (inside a large wooden statue of a horse), and this force slipped out of cover in the night and opened the city gates to a storming force. When Troy was found in the 1800s archeologists found that Troy had been burned and rebuilt eight times. It was estimated the famous fall of the Iliad and The Odyssey was the third time.
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