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Solution of central economic problems?
Solution to the central problemsThe basic problems are solved differently under different economic systems.1.Socialist or centrally plannedIn a centrally planned economy,the government or the central authority or planning authority plans all the important activities in the economy.All important decisions regarding production,exchange and consumption of gods and services are made by the government.The central authority may try to achieve a particular allocation of reasources and a consequent distribution of the final combination of goods and services which is thought to be desirable for society as a whole.For example,if it is found that a good or service which is very important for the prosperity and well-being of the economy as a whole.2.Market or Capitalist EconomyIn a market economy,the problems are tackled by the market forces of demand,supply and price.A market is an institution which organises the free interaction of individuals pursuing theri respective economic activities.In a maret system,all goods or services come with a price (which is mutually agreed upon by the buyers and sellers) at which the exchanges take place.If the buyers demand more of a certain good the price of that good will rise.This will send a signal to the producer of that good,to that society as a whole wants more of that good than is currently being produced and the producers of the good in turn likely to increase their production.Thus,in a market system,the central problems are solved through the coordination of the economic activities brought about by the prices signals.3.Mixed EconomyMixed economy is a mixture of capitalism and socialism.In a mixed economy public sector and private sector co-exist.In a mixed economy the basic problems are solved through planning and price mechanism planning is used in the public and private sector works on the basisof market mechanism or price mechanism.
Deatils of limitation of statistics?
Limitations of statistics:Statistics with all its wide application in every sphere ofhuman activity has its own limitations. Some of them are givenbelow.1. Statistics is not suitable to the study of qualitativephenomenon: Since statistics is basically a science and dealswith a set of numerical data, it is applicable to the study ofonly these subjects of enquiry, which can be expressed interms of quantitative measurements. As a matter of fact,qualitative phenomenon like honesty, poverty, beauty,intelligence etc, cannot be expressed numerically and anystatistical analysis cannot be directly applied on thesequalitative phenomenons. Nevertheless, statistical techniquesmay be applied indirectly by first reducing the qualitativeexpressions to accurate quantitative terms. For example, theintelligence of a group of students can be studied on the basisof their marks in a particular examination.2. Statistics does not study individuals: Statistics does notgive any specific importance to the individual items, in fact itdeals with an aggregate of objects. Individual items, whenthey are taken individually do not constitute any statisticaldata and do not serve any purpose for any statistical enquiry.3. Statistical laws are not exact: It is well known thatmathematical and physical sciences are exact. But statisticallaws are not exact and statistical laws are onlyapproximations. Statistical conclusions are not universallytrue. They are true only on an average.4. Statistics table may be misused: Statistics must be usedonly by experts; otherwise, statistical methods are the mostdangerous tools on the hands of the inexpert. The use ofstatistical tools by the inexperienced and untraced personsmight lead to wrong conclusions. Statistics can be easilymisused by quoting wrong figures of data.5. Statistics is only, one of the methods of studying aproblem:Statistical method do not provide complete solution of theproblems because problems are to be studied taking thebackground of the countries culture, philosophy or religioninto consideration.
What is a red shift and what does it tell us?
A 'red shift' is the increase in the wavelength of light received from astronomicalobjects, compared to what we know the wavelength should be. It's called "redshift" because if the wavelength of some visible light is increased, the color of thelight changes in the direction of the color with the longest visible wavelength, whichis red. If the shift is really substantial, light that left a star at visible wavelengthsmay even red-shift completely out of the visible range, and arrive here as infraredradiation.The only mechanism we know of that can increase the wavelength of light ...without the light passing into a different medium ... is the receding (moving away)of the light source from us, and it's generally agreed that if the light we receive froman astronomical object is red-shifted, then the object is moving away from us. Thefaster the object is moving away from us, the greater the increase in the wavelengthof its light.This is a big deal in Astronomy and Cosmology. If it's true, then there have beenenough observations of red shift over the past hundred years to reveal the generalpattern that ALL of the distant objects in the universe are moving away from us, andthe farther from us they already are, the faster they're moving away. This is the basisof the statement you've heard that "the Universe is expanding".Notes:1) If thelight source ismoving toward us, then its light arrives here blue-shifted ... withshorter wavelengths than we know it had when it left the source. There's not much ofthat to be seen, and it's all coming from objects that are relatively close to us.2) Strictly speaking, the expanding Universe causes the "Cosmological Redshift"which is similar to, but different from, the "Doppler Effect".3) There is, in fact, another mechanism for producing a redshift. Strong gravitational fields can have this effect. Some astronomers used to arguethis was a possible explanation for the redshifts of some galaxies.However the consensus now is that it's the expansion of space that's by far the most likely cause of the redshifts of galaxies.
A poem about the journey of a carbon atom?
Name of my element is CarbonIts symbol is C,Everyone uses it somewhere,Including you and me.Anywhere you goIt makes a joint,3823K is calledits melting point.Its electron configuration is2s Square and p SquareI tell you this carbon thing isAlmost Everywhere...Carbon comes in many formsHard as diamond, soft as sootCoal or graphite when we writeAnd fancy fullerine to boot.Carbon chains are straight or branchedOr closed to form a ringOrganic compounds these are calledParts for life they bring.Coal and oil and fuel gasOnce mined they have much worthThese reservoirs of energyWere once alive on earth.When carbon joins with oxygenIt's either two or oneThe double causes drinks to fizzThe single one? you're gone.I mean carbon dioxide's fairly goodMost days it is our friendBut carbon monoxide's something elseOne miss can mean the end.Carbon, oh carbon you are in atomic pantheonAs winter comes and we are cold,There you are as charcoal.My dear dear carbon,You turn the heat on.When our lady to please is paramount,Here you are again as beautiful diamond.For those who'd rather seek our originYou hide for them to find carbon 13.Oh Carbon my carbonfor you I'll go on and onCarbon is the element that is the basisOf all organic life in all placesIt can bond with elements, that's a factOver ten million compounds to be exactWhen united with a substance like airCarbon dioxide is created, which is used to prepareThe growth of plants. And when Carbon is combinedWith Hydrogen, fuels are made. Diamonds and Graphite are a kindOf Carbon, where Diamonds are the hardest ever knownAnd a softer substance than Graphite is unknownCarbon also has the highest melting gradeAnd Carbon cannot be artificially made.Yes, Carbon is truly a great thingAnd it should be declared the elemental king.CarbonYou are one great elementAn element that is tetravalentYou're so very common and nonmetallicPlus you have many forms that are allotropicYour atomic number is sixWith almost every other element, you mix.The number of your compounds is about ten million.You've been found on comets and on the sun.You've got the highest melting point on the tableAnd by yourself, you're not very stableAt room temperature, you are always a solid,But at 3500 degrees Celsius, you become a liquid.stars are the creation of itmany things rely upon itit creates many beautiful thingsit can make any where from toolsto being responsible for making diamond ringswith the hardness of 0.8 mohsit can break ground where all was lostwhen mining you can find itin many forms it keeps you warmwhen you sit and light itcoals, tools, stars and diamondsno matter how you look at it the top dog is carbonThe years have myriad facets: of moment, of eternity, of history, and hopeful nights, and days of fearswhen all reflective powers did strain to gather certainty.We are women, we are men, our nature is to see and hearsymphonic lights and rise above mundanity and doubt.Some rise further and more often, and inspire us with their light --we marvel at the modesty with which they shine it out,and, unfaithful, each time we wonder at the brevity of night.These facets are like windows into lives lived in prosperityof spirit, or else in poverty of soul. But as we peerinside our lives, the limit of our aspect always rearsits shadow; only friends can supplement the memoryof good folk, by praising for unceasing hospitality,and love, kindness, strength, tenderness, fidelity and clarity.Oh Carbon! Woman's best friendWithout you, love would not end.You are the source of life on earthWithout you, we would not beThere would be no 'you' and no more 'me'.Carbon is a woman's best friend-The ring on her finger, that sparkles and shinesThat costs man plenty (along with the wine and the dine)Is made from diamond, a bright shining carbonThe hardest form (of which there are plenty)From carbon (like pencils which mark and which grade)To diamonds and such-like, a rich variety.A truly useful element, oh carbon, you areAt the heart of the planetAnd many a star!Carbon Monoxide (CO) Week 2: Carbon CabronaSmokeless inhales hurt. I cough tar on my shirt. As my black lungs breathe, Shrilling exhales wheeze. Cabrona Falls me Down to My knees. The nicotine cracks My will. My composure Spills. I want This. I must Have this. I sink Into The brink Of madness.
