lanterns
Isaac Newton
Light Year
It would be absorbed by the atoms, and it would boost electrons to higher energy states, or kick them out of the atoms entirely. That's called the "photoelectric effect". Einstein got his first Nobel Prize for explaining it in a paper he published in 1907.
The very first traffic light was a revolving gas lantern with red and green lights installed in a London intersection in 1868, before the advent of automobiles. A later version of the traffic light based on railroad signals was installed in Detroit, Michigan, in 1920.
Light is reflected and refracted in a diamond based on the angles of its facets relative to the source of the light.
By Roemer, observing the moons of Jupiter.
Are you asking when the speed of light was first estimated, or are you asking when the speed of light was first actually measured?
Olaus Rømer, by observing the movement of Jupiter's moons.
The best observation of refraction of light is by observing objects that are in water. By observing objects that are in water, the objects usually appear as if they are not straight.
In Light Years with mathematics and some logical estimation.
light source
if you are observing a star 100 light years away, you are looking at it as it was 100 years ago.
Turn down the light.
nature of target, nature of terrain, and light conditions
A spectroscope in an instrument for observing a spectrum of light.
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The first variable that is used to classify stars is its ionization state which can measure the photosphere's temperature and density. This information is gathered by splitting the light from a star with a prism and observing the resulting spectrum that includes absorption lines. Luminosity is another variable used; it is based on the width of absorption lines.