A picture can be referred to as a portrait or landscape based on its orientation. Intermediate portrait is the name of the portrait whereby the use of straight lines is made.
segment
octagon
A Circle
A straight edge is basically another name for a ruler, or it could be anything that makes straight lines.
Hendecagon
Nothing, a straightedge is a ruler. Straightedge is just another name for a ruler. You can also draw straight lines with things such as the side of a folder or anything else with a flat edge.
line segments
If the sides are straight lines, then it is normally referred to as a 400-gon.
It is an intersection.
A prism.
There isn't a name...they're just called a pair of parallel lines.
If the lines are all in the same plane and they are all straight lines then it is a polygon. Otherwise it has no specific name.