Erosion.
An opening in the Earth's crust through which volcanic materials pass to the Earth's surface is called a volcanic vent. Magma from beneath the Earth's surface is forced upwards through these vents, often resulting in volcanic eruptions.
Subsidence.
Height above earths surface is called elevation
Projection
It is called the crust.
it is called magma.
A meteorite.
meteoroid
Yes
The Earth's surface layer is called the crust.
Molten rock material on Earth's surface is called lava. When under Earth's surface it's called magma
Molton rock that flows from a volcano onto Earths surface is