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I think the question needs rewording.

In English, a consonant, vowel, consonant sequence creates a short vowel.

Take my name: Sam

to make the vowel long, we add the silent "e" to the end

Sam becomes Same

Silent "e" makes the preceding vowel say it's name

To elongate a vowel differently we use the consonants r and w

fat becomes fart (for example)

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Q: The second vowel of a base word is long due to the effect of the?
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