sectionalism
No. There are some "one-issue parties", but most third parties in Parliamentary Systems are not "one-issue parties". I would encourage you to read about German parties other than the Social Democrats and the Christian Democrats in order to see that the the other parties have complex and multifacted policies. Even in France, the third parties, by and large, have a variety of issues that they serve
The amount of parties in the USA is unknown. There are most likely millions of parties given on any day.
Most likely, because they had servants and ballrooms and parties and stuff.
Third parties make the political system more democratic by offering more choices. America has become a two-party system with third parties struggling to even get on the ballot in most states. A strong third party, which addresses a specific issue or platform, would force the two dominant parties to expand their platform to include these issues in an effort to compete with the third party.
Most likely in 2010.
The Populist movement was not successful. They ran a third party candidate for president in 1892 and lost. However, it was the most successful of the third parties.
There is no simple answer to this, but I'll give you the one that is most direct. Election laws make it difficult for third parties to get on ballots. Cannot win if you are not in the race. Second, third parties have a difficult time gaining traction in modern times. Once a third party gains a measure of success, one of the two major parties takes up all the third parties issues, thus making the third party powerless. Finally, there is a rule in political science called Duverger's law. It states that in a single-member district plurality, only two parties can survive. Here is the wikipedia link to this law: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duverger's_law
Third parties lose most elections because the majority votes with one political party or another without weighing all of the options. Greater voter support also results in stronger campaigns to win fence-riders.
No, most likely not.
Third parties often face barriers such as limited financial resources, less media coverage, and exclusion from debates. Additionally, many voters feel constrained by the two-party system and fear "wasting" their vote on a third party candidate. These factors make it challenging for third parties to attract enough support to win elections.
Political parties
No they will not. Most likely, a third party check is fraud