A calf is weaned at around 3 months of age (if bottle-fed) or 6 to 10 months of age if nursing from his mother. He learns to become independent from his mother during this weaning process. But he will forever be dependent on the herd since cattle are instinctively herd animals, and thrive in a social environment that includes many of themselves in a herd.
A cow is a mature female bovine, so she is already "independent" as far as feeding herself, finding the best places to eat and drink, giving birth, taking care of her calf, etc., are concerned. Cows are herd animals, however, and will never be independent of their herds, nor of their family groups.
A deacon calf is a new born calf that is taken from its mother and bottle fed a milk substitute.
4-8 months.
5-6 months
4-8 months.
5-6 months
Calves are weaned off their mother's milk after 8-12 months. The calf will likely stay with the mother for protection for some time longer. By age 3 or 4 the calf is sexually mature and is likely to be independent of its mother.
1 yrs
1-2 week
After the calf, the placenta is expelled. By that time the calf is already up and suckling at its mom.
Provided this is a dairy cow you are referring to, and the calf has been taken away and fed milk replacer, the optimum length of time a cow can be "artificially stimulated" to produce milk is 10 months.
A black rhino typically gives birth to one calf at a time. Twins are extremely rare in this species. The gestation period is about 15 to 16 months, after which the mother will care for the calf for several years before it becomes independent.