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Canada is a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy.

As a constitutional monarchy, Canada's Head of State is Queen Elizabeth II. The Queen is the head of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. She is federally represented by the Governor General of Canada, and advised by the Queen's Privy Council for Canada. Because Canada is a constitutional monarchy, the Queen's authority is limited by the Canadian constitution.

As a parliamentary democracy, Canada has a Parliamentcomposed of the Queen (represented by the Governor General), the Senate (composed of appointed senators), and the House of Commons (composed of elected members of parliament). By law, the House of Commons must be elected at least every 4 years. Parliament is responsible for drafting, debating, and passing (or not passing) legislation.

The House of Commons is dominant, and the principle of responsible government requires that the Governor General draw a Prime Minister from the House of Commons, typically the leader of the party with the most seats, to chair a committee of Privy Council called the Cabinet, which is composed of parliamentarians of the Prime Minister's choice. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are charged with running the government and directing policy. A Prime Minister serves at the Governor General's pleasure, which by convention is as long as he/she has the confidence of the House of Commons.

It is important to note that, constitutionally, the Prime Minister and his Cabinet do not wield authority, but rather advise the Governor General on the exercise of the Queen's authority (this advice is typically binding), and direct their respective departments on the exercise of authority granted to them through legislation.

Canada is a federation, and this structure is repeated at the provincial level, with a Lieutenant Governorrepresenting the Queen, an elected legislature, and a Premier drawn from and responsible to the legislature, who, along with his/her executive council, directs policy and runs the government at the Lieutenant Governor's pleasure. Provinces are not subordinate to the federal government, as they have exclusive authority over matters of provincial concern as defined in the constitution.

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