Radar or ultrasonic is succesfull in some applications
We use DC voltages in an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) because it is necessary to induce a charge on the particulates, and then attract them to a plate by the use of an opposite charge. An AC source would be changing constantly. That would leave our particulates picking up "different charges" at different times as they pass the plates. Further, these particulates wouldn't be attracted to the plates because the plates would be changing polarity as well. ESP's use a DC source to apply a charge of a given polarity to the particulates in the air stream, and use a plate of the opposite charge to attract and "hold" the particulates. AC sources can't do that.
There is a lot of variation in the applied DC voltages that operate an electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Some work on a few thousand volts (a few kV), while big industrial units might run on upwards of 100,000 volts (100 kV).
Ripple Voltage is voltage variation across the load and it is the AC component. To answer this question, consider a Half Wave rectifier with a smoothing capacitor: This rectifier will consist of a sinusoidal voltage source, an ideal diode, a capacitor in parallel with the load. At t=0, the voltage across capacitor = load voltage When the circuit is switched on, the capacitor is fully charged as the sinusoidal source reaches its peak. However, the sinusoidal nature causes the source voltage to decline after reaching the peak. This means that no current will flow through the diode. But the capacitor is still charged. So this will supply current to the load while it discharges. But during the discharging period (till the sinusoidal picks up again), the load voltage is an exponential function = peak voltage *exp-[(t - t')*resistance of load*capacitance] Now a key point is that the pulsating current is flowing through the diode to recharge the capacitor. Because of this constant charge and discharge of the capacitor in the cycle, the load voltage has AC ripples. At the same time load current is never zero and is directly prop to load voltage. The dc component >> ac component and the ripple voltage is greatly reduced by the capacitance esp a large one. You can minimize these by choosing a large capacitance. This is how a capacitor accounts for AC ripples. You can never actually rid these ripples even if you use a full-wave rectifier! Google search half - wave rectifier graphs on the ripples to understand this!! --- Sona
Yes. William Hopper (1915-1970) was the cousin of American actor Dennis Hopper (1936-1910).Most Hoppers of European descent in the US are related to the same immigrant from Amsterdam (descendant of Count von Hoppen buried in a church in Amsterdam). Edward Hopper was a direct descendant, as I am, and I believe it is likely that Dennis and William were too (esp. given the name William runs in the family).
showing or implying condescension by stooping to the level of one's inferiors, esp in a patronizing way
Check the fluid level in your power steering reservoir. The ESP light is on because there is a problem with the stability system. They have nothing in common.
ESP-Disk's motto is '"The artists alone decide what you will hear on their ESP-Disk"'.
Mobil 5w30 ESP synthetic
Mobil 1 esp 5w30
ESP Ra.De. happened in 2002.
ESP Ra.De. was created in 2005.
ESP Guitars was created in 1975.
ESP-Disk was created in 1966.
Stars on ESP was created in 1992.
Electronic Stability Program (ESP)