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The Surface (S) waves cause the most damage for these cause horizontal movement of the ground.

That said, the quality of the ground itself has a major effect. If the ground is on top of old swamp or silt, then it may sell settle unevenly.

And, there is in wave work a quantity called Q. This represents the magnitude of the resonance compared with the magnitude of the exciting (applied) force.

Solid rock will have a Q close to 1. In Mexico City (built on an old lake bed = swamp) they have soils with Q as high as 15!. The movement of the ground will be magnified by 15 times! Q's of 3 to 5 would be more common.

In addition, even for a perfectly designed building, if the ground subsides, the whole building may just lie over quite intact. Niigata in Japan had some famous examples of this.

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Q: Type of seismic wave that travels the slowest and causes most of the destruction?
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