Aaron Ogden held a Fulton-Livingston license issued under the authority of the state of New York. New York had granted Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston a contract to issue permits for steamboat travel in New York waterways. Fulton and Livingston often seized boats operating without license in their territory.
Thomas Gibbons held a license issued under the authority of Congress, pursuant to the Federal Licensing Act of 1793, specifically, "An act enrolling and licensing ships and vessels to be employed in the coasting trade and fisheries, and for regulating the same," under the authority of the Interstate Commerce Clause (Section I, Article 8, Clause 3). Gibbons either refused to purchase or was denied a Fulton-Livingston license, which prevented his company from carrying passengers between Elizabethtown, NJ, and New York City.
Ogden successfully sued Gibbons in The Court of Chancery of NY for an injunction against entering Hudson bay and landing in New York City, giving Ogden a monopoly over the steamship business between New York and New Jersey. Gibbons appealed to the Supreme Court, which nullified the New York law as unconstitutional.
Case Citation:
Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 US 1 (1824)
The final authority in the federal system is the Supreme Court.
the constitution
The final authority over what? The answer to this question depends on the subject under discussion.
Supreme Court
mixed economy
Technically it is. All forms of power under the federal system are under the authority of the Constitution.
U.s. constitution
In the USA but under the English term "segregation"
the local councils yes this is correct way lol
Aaron Ogden held a Fulton-Livingston license issued under the authority of the state of New York. New York had granted Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston a contract to issue permits for steamboat travel in New York waterways. Fulton and Livingston often seized boats operating without license in their territory.Thomas Gibbons held a license issued under the authority of Congress, pursuant to the Federal Licensing Act of 1793, specifically, "An act enrolling and licensing ships and vessels to be employed in the coasting trade and fisheries, and for regulating the same," under the authority of the Interstate Commerce Clause (Section I, Article 8, Clause 3). Gibbons either refused to purchase or was denied a Fulton-Livingston license, which prevented his company from carrying passengers between Elizabethtown, NJ, and New York City.Ogden successfully sued Gibbons in The Court of Chancery of NY for an injunction against entering Hudson bay and landing in New York City, giving Ogden a monopoly over the steamship business between New York and New Jersey. Gibbons appealed to the Supreme Court, which nullified the New York law as unconstitutional.Case Citation:Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 US 1 (1824)
These businesses operate under the private enterprise system.
Yes. If they represent the licence holder. All bar staff, in the UK at least, operate under the authority of the licence holder even if the licence holder is not present. However the licence holder is still responsible for any infractions that occur.