aperture
opening that lets light in
The functional opening is the aperture, the opening that controls the amount of light that hits the photosensitive surface. You may have a camera with interchangeable lenses that screw into and out of the camera's body. The opening into which the lens is screwed is not the aperture.
iris
A diaphragm regulates the amount of light entering the microscope. Stage opening allows light to pass through the stage of the microscope.
A simple camera can be made simply with a light-tight box and a film or sensor, anything to 'capture' the light coming through an opening (lens, pinhole, aperture, etc.) Although this setup is rather rudimentary, it is a camera.
focal lengthtelephoto lenseswide angle lensesThe three components (besides the film) of a basic camera are:the camera body (a light-tight box)the light opening (aperture)the shutter (closure mechanism)
A shutter is a device that shuts. In a camera, it's the device that opens for a period of time, usually very short, to allow light to pass through the aperture, and then shuts. An aperture is an opening. In a camera, it's the opening in the camera's body, usually where a lens and shutter are mounted, where the light enters on its way to whatever is going to capture the image.
Modernern cameras use a shutter system. Although it is possible to make a camera with a pin hole. But either way there needs to be a mechanism to stop the light from hitting the light sensitive paper which would be a shutter.
The lens is made of glass and plastic (or groups of glass elements) and focuses light passing through it on film to reproduce an image. The diaphragm is an opening or aperture that controls the amount of light entering the camera from the lens and so limits the film's exposure to light.
The iris. - - - - - No. It's the eyelid. The shutter's function is to completely stop light from reaching the film (or the sensor, if you have a digital camera with a mechanical shutter). The iris in your eye cannot do this--only the eyelid can.
The lens performs two main functions; it controls how much light enters the camera by changing the aperture. The aperture is a variable sized "hole". With a smaller aperture, less light enters the camera and also more of the image will be focus. The other major function is to bring objects into sharp focus onto the focal plane of the camera (where the sensor or film is).
light is an dependnt variable