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Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons. (This contrasts with ionic bonding where electrons are transferred).

The bonds may be single (one shared pair), double (two shared pairs), or triple, (three shared pairs).

The electrons in a covalent bond may not be shared equally. This is called a polar covalent bond. It odccurs when there is a difference in elctronegativity between the atoms then the more electronegtaive atom has a bigger share. The more electronegative atom has a small negative charge build up and the less electronegative atom a small positive.

Usually the electrons are "localised" to the two atoms, however in some compounds such as benzene with alternating double bonds (in the valence bond model) there is resonance and the pairs of electrons in the double bond are spread over the ring.

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