Perhaps. There are many myths surrounding the moon and Earth that explain the Earth's tilt and its imperfect shape.
Earth's gravitational pull. See attached link for more information.
The moon is to the earth, as the earth is to the sun.
The Moon's phase when it's between the Earth and the sun is called a New Moon. It's in this position where at times there is a Solar Eclipse of the Sun. Please refer to the link I have attached.
Earth, by far.
The moon orbits Earth.
Our Earth has only the one moon.
YesYes. We call it the moon.
The moon is trapped in the gravitational pull of the earth. The earth and the moon are trapped in the gravitational pull of the sun. It is like whirling a small weight attached to a length of string round your head. The only thing stopping the weight to fly off (into space) is the string - which is the same force of gravitational pull we experience from our orbit round the sun.
It would be impossible. While the same face of the moon always orients toward earth, from the moon's surface you would observe earth spinning on its axis, close to 30 times per month. There can be no physical tethering of the two bodies. Also, the moon's distance from earth changes over the course of a month, so this would cause problems for a physical tether.
The moon has easily visible craters, but the ones on earth have mostly weathered away. The Earth has wind and the moon doesn't. Earth has atmosphere but the moon doesn't have one.
The weight of the object on Earth is 10 N, which is determined by the gravitational force acting on it. Since the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is 1/16th that of Earth, we can calculate the weight on the Moon by dividing the Earth weight by 16. Thus, the reading on the spring scale on the Moon would be approximately 0.625 N (10 N / 16).
Sun, Earth, Moon. The moon is covered by the Earth's shadow.