No. The sun dial was an early device to help tell time.
No. The thermometer measures the temperature of mass or material. Concerning the moon, a thermometer could measure the temperature of dust or rock on the surface. If it were not in contact with the surface, and the sun shone on it, the thermometer would read the temperature to which the sun heated it. If it were shielded from the sun, then the thermometer would read the temperature of space ... about 3 K, or darn near absolute zero.
surroundings
A thermometer is not kept in direct sunlight because the temperature needed to be recorded by the thermometer is of the air and not the rays of the sun.
If a thermometer is laid out in direct sunlight, it will not measure the temperature of the air surrounding it. It will measure the temperature of the heat directly reaching it.
a protable sun dial
One method that was used by the early Greeks was the Sun Dial.
Sun Dial was created in 1990.
If it's in the shade, then the temperature of the air that wafts past it is. If it's in direct sun, then it's displaying the temperature of the structure of the thermometer itself, as it absorbs direct solar radiation and its temperature rises above that of the air that wafts past it.
they use a special thermometer to help them test and evaluate how hot the temperature of the sun is and came up with 27 million degrees (F) atthe core.
You certainly can't take a thermometer there - any thermometer will vaporize rather quickly at the high temperatures of the Sun. The temperature of the Sun's surface (the visible part) can be calculated on the basis of the light emitted by the Sun - especially by analyzing the Sun's spectrum. At a different temperature, it would emit a different mix of wavelengths. The temperature in the Sun's core has to be calculated theoretically, on the basis of our knowledge of physics. The Sun's diameter, its mass, the age of the Solar System (estimated by the age of the Earth) and the Sun's composition (what percentage of the different elements it has) all enter this calculation. The composition of the Sun's interior must also be estimated, based on what is visible on the outside. Computer simulations are used in such calculations; the main cause of possible error is our understanding of physics - note that the conditions in the interior of the Sun are very extreme - the temperature is estimated to be several million degrees, and the pressure is very extreme as well.
You can use a sun dial.
The plural is sun dials.