Yes, those are the Ten Lost Tribes. And because they are lost, the great majority of Jews today, some 80% or so, are descended from the tribe of Judah (plus converts and descendents of converts). The remaining 20% include Levites (from the tribe of Levi), Cohanim (also a part of the Levites), the entire Tribe of Benjamin, and a small percentage from every one of the remaining tribes. (When the Ten Tribes were carried off into Assyria and didn't return, a few of them had already mixed into the tribe of Judah before that, through marriage. Also, the Talmud relates [Megillah 14b] that, one century after the Ten Tribes were exiled [and their location was still known], Jeremiah journeyed to where they were and brought some of them back to Judea. Thus, today's Jewry includes a small percentage of every one of the Lost Tribes. See for example the Talmud, Pesachim 4a.)
As to the location of the bulk of the lost Ten Tribes, because of the lack of a continuous tradition in this particular matter, we can only speculate. Some well-known claims, such as the suggestion that the Native Americans or African Americans are the Lost Israelite Tribes, we can confidently dismiss offhand. Other claims, such as that which has been suggested concerning the Pathani (Pashtun), are less far-fetched but must for the time being remain nothing more than a guess.
yes
Yes, they comprised two of the twelve tribes of Israel (Judah and Benjamin), with remnants of all the other tribes of Israel.
Israelites were considered to be Israel's children. There were 12 Tribes of Israel that made up this group of people. The tribes are of Jewish decent.
The Ten Lost Tribes of the Israelites.
The Ten Lost Tribes of the Israelites.
The Israelites were called "Israel" in hieroglyphics. This is found on the Merneptah stele.
The prophet Jacob was renamed Israel. Israel had 12 sons who formed the 12 Tribes of Israel. The word Israelite refers to the 12 Tribes of Israel, descendants of Jacob/Israel.
None. Moses led the 12 Tribes of Israel to Mount Sinai, but he was not one of the Israelite patriarchs.
The tribes of Israel are scattered all over the world.
Abraham is conventionally considered the father of monotheism, but there were no Israelites in Abraham's time. Abraham's grandson, Jacob was given the name Israel after he wrestled with someone (his brother? an angel? God?) at the ford of Jabbok. His children were literally the Children of Israel, and the 12 tribes descending from him are collectively referred to as Israelites. Reading this question narrowly, Jacob was the first to teach his children monotheism, something he learned from his father who learned it from Abraham.
They didn't change from being Israelites to Jews. The 12 Israelite tribes were banished to Babylon. When they finally returned to Israel, only 2 tribes were still identifiable. Jews were named after the largest of the two: Judah.
The Abraham, Isaac and Jacob were Hebrews. Jacob took or was given the name Israel, and his descendants were known as the Children of Israel or Israelites (they were still Hebrews, of course). One of the tribes of the Israelites, descended from Judah, was known as the Judaites. The Judaite kingdom was the last surviving Israelite kingdom, and the survivors of the destruction of that kingdom came to be known as Jews, who still call themselves Israelites and Children of Israel, and who are still Hebrews.
King David united the Israelites into a single nation. He was the second king of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah.