How do you xxplain the three types of dictatorship?
Types and Elements of DictatorshipA. Dictatorship Defined1. Absolutisma. Rule that is not subject to constitutional restraintb. Unlimited jurisdiction on a rulerc. Generally applies to all dictatorships2. Authoritarianisma. Dictatorship by a person or small groupb. Total constitutional power under authority of dictatorc. Some individual rights are allowed to exist3. Totalitarianisma. One political party totally dominates all aspects of societyb. Gov. has complete control over people's lives4. Relationship of Individual and StateLiberal Democracy Authoritarianism TotalitarianismB. Types of Authoritarian Dictatorships1. Absolute Monarchy§Hereditary, religious, or traditional societies§Saudi Arabia2. One Person Autocratic§ Power maintained through charisma§ "Cult of personality" fades when leader dies or disgraced§ Indonesia under Suharto§ Iraq under Saddam Hussein3. Oligarchy§ Rule by small elite group§ Elite may be religious elite (theocracy), family, or political elite§ Iran under Ayatollah Ali Khamenei4. Military Dictatorship§ Rule by a military leader or military elite (Junta)§ Military usually comes to power through coup§ Chile under Pinochet§ Cambodia under Pol Pot5. Minority Tyranny§ Ethnic or political minority controls government§ Hutu extremists in Rwanda 1994§ South Africa under apartheidC. Elements of Dictatorship1. Use of Force§Maintain / transmit control§Terror and violence are effective measures for subduing population§Swift and arbitrary punishment to anyone suspected of disloyalty§Torture, imprisonment, liquidation2. Indoctrination§Systematic instruction of political ideas§Takes the place of education§Schools and university serve the interest of government3. Controlled Participation§No dissent, no opposition§Massive censorship§Allow people a sense of participating in government4. Direction of Popular Discontent§Direct government grievances towards a group of people§Government must find someone to blame (scape-goating)Advantages and Disadvantages of DictatorshipsA. Advantages1. Decisive Leadership§Debate is suspended for efficiency reasons§Quick and decisive action can be taken (domestically or internationally)2. Political Stability and Social Order§No changes (sudden or gradual)§Low crime rates3. Rapid Mobilization of Society's Resources§The nation becomes a "corporate state"§Government orders and receives what it requires§Manpower is at the disposal of the government4. Strong National Defense§Due to corporate state nation has what it requires (army & ammunition)§Often an aggressive leadership5. "Statism"§State is greater than the sum of its parts§Some individual freedoms are forgone§Citizens are united towards the advancement of state's goals§All citizens work toward the "greater good"B. Disadvantages1. Subordination of Human Rights to the State§Denial of equality - "some are more equal than others"§Force is used to intimidate population2. Elitism§Democracy reduces government to the lowest common denominator§Leads to institutionalization of racism, sexism, etc.3. Racism§One group is superior to another = one person better than another§Can divide a nation4. Militarism & Imperialism§Military might = expression of national will (might is right)§Government requires military to ensure its existence§May lead to expansionism5. Unchecked Corruption§No checks and balances = no accountability to public§Leader takes what he wishes to ensure his own stability6. Widespread Apathy§Electorate are passive due to oppressive government§Government is intolerant towards new ideas7. Bureaucracy§No formal ways of doing things§Things are done on the whim of the leader or elite8. Succession§Often little thought is given to successor while he is alive§Results are violent action within elite circles once dictator diesC. Conclusion to Dictatorships§Power is concentrated in the hands of a ruler or elite§Government is not subject to restraint of the constitution§Government is ruled by the will of the executive§Power of government is used to control citizens§Communism and fascism agree on the above, that's it NOTHING elseCommunist TotalitarianismA. Characteristics1. Ideologically Driven§Goal is to create a new and perfect society§Reject all other ideologies2. Elite Party Membership§Party is lead by a small elite§Represents a minority of the population3. Secret Police§Ensures compliance towards the state with use of terror and intimidation§Monitors and spies on own civilians§Uses paid and unpaid informants4. State Media Control§All media is controlled (distribution and access)§Censorship is key§Indoctrination (brainwashing) part of government policy5. Controlled Economy§Economic production is geared towards state goals§Needs and wants of the state must be servedB. Marxism§History is a class struggle§In capitalism, proletariat (workers) and bourgeoisie (owners of production) eventually clash in a violent revolution§From this revolution, a classless society will emerge with the values of the proletariatC. Values§Egalitarianism (all people are equal)§A classless society§Self-sacrifice for the collective good§Public ownership of all means of production (land, labour, & capital)§Economic planning to reach state goals§Communism must be spread throughout the world§Violence is a means to an ends (revolution)History of the Soviet Union (USSR)A. Russian Tradition§Multiethnic empire§Centralized, autocratic tradition of governmentB. History in Brief§Establishment of USSR - Lenin§Stalinization - Stalin§De-Stalinization - Khrushchev§Age of Stagnation - Brezhnev§End of the USSR - GorbachevC. Lenin (1917-1924)1. Established Bolshevik - one party state "Democratic Centralism"§Political parties were banned§Party - run newspapers2. Reintroduced political oppression and use of state terror§KGB§Trotsky's Red Army eliminated rival elements3. Implemented economic planninga. 1st War Communism§Marxist ideas of economic planning§Public ownership§Failedb. 2nd New Economic Policy(NEP)§Allows for some private ownership (mixed economy)§To be replaced once economy is running well with Marxist economy4. Died prematurely§Power struggle for 4 years§Stalin takes power 1928D. Stalin (1928-1953)1. Becomes leader of CPSU after power struggle§All competitors are killed (Trotsky)2. Continued and increased political oppression§Uses state terror and intimidation§Purges begin (killing large numbers of people)3. Ends NEP§Begins 5 year plans§Wants USSR to industrialized rapidly§Goal is to be a modern societyE. Khrushchev (1953-1964)1. Allows for some freedoms in USSR§Anti-Stalinist literature allowed§Acknowledged the injustices of Stalin§De-Stalinization (Feb. 1956)2. Reorganization of the economy: agriculture & planning§Aimed to establish new agricultural areas in USSR§Focus on modernizing agriculture (machines not ox)3. Soviet Communism§Uses bribery and diplomacy to lure countries into USSR sphere of influence§Focus on third world countries§Intolerant of criticism (Hungary)4. Confused Relationship with West§Tries to peacefully coexist with the west§Sought détente (peaceful solutions) in some areas§Confrontational in other situations (Poland & Hungary 1956)5. The End§Removed after diplomatic errors (Cuba 1962) and economic failuresF. Brezhnev (1964-1982)1. Re-Stalinizationa. Reestablished oppression and greater economic control over USSR§Dissidents were exiled or imprisoned§Gulag (labour camps) sentences increased2. Increase Defense Spending§Aggressive foreign policy (Afghanistan 1979)§Nuclear arms race escalated§Results in domestic policy largely ignoredG.Gorbachev (1985-1991)1. Reason for the End of the USSRa. No new ideas for countryb. Politics became stallc. Economic Instability§People's needs not being metd. Social Inequality§Privileged few in society (people in CPSU)§No incentive to improve2. Economic planning and political reform led to collapse in 1991a. Glasnost§Openness§Improve communication between state and its citizensb. Perestroika§Restructuring§Economic policies to Soviet economy§Focused on productivity, methods, & planning techniques§Increase consumer goodsGeneric FascismA. Character§Post-democratic and post-industrial§Right-wing totalitarianismCommunist FascistRadical ReactionaryB. Values1. Human Inequality§Sexist, elitist, nationalist, militarist§Emphasizes differences between people§No equal rights, no equal treatment§Some races are inferior to others§Elimination of "undesirable" races to create a "master race"2. Irrationally§Many core values based on faith, tradition, history§Science is perverted to use to "prove" values and differences3. Hero Worship§Cult of personality§View of the past is the history of "Great Men"4. Extreme Nationalism§Nation is central and takes on spiritual qualities§Nation = common purpose§Individuals exist to serve the state§Self-worth is linked to national greatness5. Elitism§Democracy is weak and indecisive represents interest of majority therefore it will only achieve mediocrity§A select group is with knowledge and intelligence are required6. Militarism§Viewed as an inspirational organization (pageantry and parade)§Useful to achieve goals of fascist expansionism§Military gives discipline and direction to the individual7. Organized Violence and Lies§Mass murder and terror are used to destroy enemies of the state§World is black or white (friend or foe)§Indoctrination of civilian population keyC. Social Background1. Weak democracies unsettles owners of capital§Landowners are concerned about land seizure and redistribution (communism)§Industrialists fear labour radicalization2. Lower middle class§Working class radicals (communists) cause concern about property redistribution§Landowners and industrialists are resented because of privileged position in society (proletariat vs. bourgeoisie)§Lower class wants a party that will keep upper and lower class in check3. Society in Crisisa. Economic crisis = government must take action§Prevention of unemployment (Great Depression)§Protection against inflationb. Political crisis leads to rising chaos and crime§Government promises stability and order & decisive decision makingc. During crisis, small mindedness and fear increase§Scape-goating is created§Action is required to "fix" problemd. Crisis may be real, perceived, or manufactured§Real = economic depression§Perceived = impending Communist Revolution§Manufactured = scapegoat a race or peopleHitler's Germany 1933-1936A. Failure of German Democracy1. Proportional Representation§Allowed Nazi party to gain Reichstag seats (2.6% of pop. vote)2. Weak Coalition Governments§Unable to pass legislation to deal with economic crisis§Never able to form a majority3. Disunity Among the Left§Social Democrats split votes with German Communists (under Soviet direction)§Communist rejected cooperation with Social Democrats4. Hostility to Parliamentary Democracy§German democracy was a product of an imposed peace from WWI§Hitler views Parliamentary Democracy as symbolic WWI defeat5. Great Depression§Unemployment grew§Jan. 1932: 6 million unemployed§Government seems powerless to solve problem§Hitler promises economic recoveryB. Rise to Power1. Early Years (1919-1924)a. Economic and political upheaval§War reparation payments ($33 Billion)b. Coup was a failure; Hitler was imprisoned§November 9, 1923 Munich Beer Hall Putch§Nazi party was seizing power from the ruling government§Served 8 months of a 5 year sentence§Wrote Mein Kampf: an outline of the Nazi Party2. Campaigning For Votes (1924 -1932)a. Nazi Party was reorganized very well3. Consolidation of Power (1933)a. Nazi Party gains steady support during Great Depression§Hitler lost Presidential election to Hindenburg - 1932§Nazi Party gained seats through intimidation of rival parties§Hindenburg forms government with Hitler to keep Nazis in checkb. January, 1933: Hindenburg named Hitler Chancellor§Hitler calls for March 5 election§Feb. 27: Mysterious Reichstag fire§Results in suspension of liberties§Communists blamed for fire (scapegoat)§March 1933 election: Nazi-Nationalist bloc is finally successfulc. Enabling Act passed§ March 23, 1933§ Hitler now has dictatorial powers until 1937§ Hitler now removes all political opponents and consolidates power (Fuhrer)§ April 1 boycotting of Jewish businessesC. Nazi PowerBranchWeimar Republic (Pre-Nazi)Nazi EraExecutivePresident (elected): Head of StatePresident nominated ChancellorChancellor: Head of GovernmentEnabling Act gave Chancellor dictatorial power from 1933-37Chancellor and President combined into one office, 1934 (Führer)LegislativeUpper Chamber (Reichsrat): regional representationLower Chamber (Reichstag): proportional representationGovernors were appointed by Hitler;Reichsrat was abolishedEnabling Act stripped Reichstag of lawmaking abilityJudicialJudges were independent of executive and legislative branchesJudges and lawyers appointed by Nazi partyHitler's Germany 1933-36A. Force1. SA§"Brown shirts" responsible for party rise 1921-1933§Eliminated as a political force "Night of the Long Knives" June 19342. SS§Created in 1925§"Racially pure Germans"§Eliminate all party threats§By 1939 SS has 240,000 men3. Gestapo (Secret Police)§Established concentration campsB. Indoctrination1. Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda§March 1933 under Josef Göbbels§Ran propaganda campaigns for Nazi policies2. Newspapers were monitored by the state (People's Observer)§Created a cult of the leader around Hitler§Hitler became Germany's saviour3. Education§Schools were used to teach Nazi Party values4. Youth organizations§Open to boys and girls age 10-18§Pledged personal allegiance to HitlerC. Controlled Participation1. National elections and plebiscites were hold occasionally§ All candidates chosen by Nazi Party & approved by Hitler§ Voters approve or spoil ballots2. Women were reduced to traditional roles§Women's groups and birth control clinics were shut down3. Economic life of Germany was organized under state control§Economy used to serve interests of Nazi party4. Religion was placed under state direction§Catholic Church was reduced to symbolic status§Protestant ministers were arrestedD. Direction of Popular Discontent1. Radical Philosophya. Divided races into 3 categories:§Culture-creating§Culture-sustaining§Culture-destroyingb. Culture-destroying races deemed sub-human and had to be segregated2. Anti-Semitism§ Enabling Act (March 1933) boycotting of Jewish businesses§ Gradual, legislative restriction placed on Jewish person§ Nuremburg Decrees (1935) stripped Jews of political rights§ Marriage, (Jews and Aryans)§ Practice law, medicine, music,§ Property confiscated§ Kristallnacht (Nov. 9, 1938) initial stages of violent anti-Semitism· Destruction of Jewish homes, business, & synagogues· All Jewish children kicked out of school· Ghettos & camps establishedDictatorships Unit ExamCharacteristics of Dictatorships = 11Power of the Dictator = 11Totalitarian = 3Nazi government = 11USSR government = 8Chile = 5Comparing dictatorships = 1Total = 50
